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Clupeiformes (Herrings) >
Engraulidae (Anchovies) > Engraulinae
Etymology: Engraulis: Greek, eggraulis, -eos = anchovy (Ref. 45335).
More on authors: Hubbs & Marini.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecologia
marino; oceanodromo (Ref. 51243); distribuzione batimetrica 30 - 200 m (Ref. 189). Subtropical; 21°S - 50°S, 67°W - 34°W (Ref. 54431)
Southwest Atlantic: north of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil to San Jorge Gulf, Argentina.
Length at first maturity / Size / Peso / Age
Maturity: Lm 9.2, range 8 - 10.2 cm
Max length : 17.0 cm SL maschio/sesso non determinato; (Ref. 189); peso massimo pubblicato: 25.00 g (Ref. 4883)
Short description
Chiavi di identificazione | Morfologia | Morfometria
Spine dorsali (totale) : 0; Raggi dorsali molli (totale) : 15 - 16; Spine anali: 0; Raggi anali molli: 17 - 21. Snout prominent, pointed, about 3/4 eye diameter; maxilla moderate, tip bluntly tapering or a little rounded, reaching to front margin of pre-operculum, extending a little beyond tip of second supra-maxilla; teeth in jaws numerous, small. Lower gill rakers long and slender; no gill rakers on hind face of third epibranchial; pseudobranch long, reaching onto inner face of operculum (Ref.189). Blackish blue dorsally, silvery white laterally and ventrally. All fins transparent (Ref. 27363).
Occurs in coastal waters to about 800 km or more from the shore, forming dense schools at about 30 to 90 m depth in summer, but down to 100 to 200 m during winter. Feeds as juveniles on zooplankton, but with phytoplankton becoming increasingly important. Spawns throughout the year, most intensely and close to shore in October or November and again in May or June but less intensely and more offshore. Exhibits north-south and near shore-offshore migrations. During winter as the most favorable feeding period for larvae which occurs in the continental shelf in the extreme south of Brazil (Ref. 53892). Consumed fresh or canned (Ref. 4931).Typical size 7-13 cm SL (Ref. 47377).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | Riproduzione | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Larve
Whitehead, P.J.P., G.J. Nelson and T. Wongratana, 1988. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (Suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/2):305-579. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 189)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Pesca: elevato interesse commerciale
Strumenti
Special reports
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Fonti Internet
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 4.6 - 18.7, mean 8.2 °C (based on 187 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5020 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00490 (0.00371 - 0.00646), b=3.13 (3.09 - 3.17), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 2.5 ±0.00 se; based on food items.
Resilienza (Ref.
120179): Medio, tempo minimo di raddoppiamento della popolazione 1.4 - 4.4 anni (K=0.2-0.3).
Prior r = 0.56, 95% CL = 0.37 - 0.84, Based on 1 data-limited stock assessment.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (35 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Low vulnerability (12 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 188 [80, 437] mg/100g; Iron = 1.24 [0.60, 3.01] mg/100g; Protein = 18.1 [16.9, 19.5] %; Omega3 = 0.767 [0.458, 1.328] g/100g; Selenium = 16.7 [7.4, 37.1] μg/100g; VitaminA = 20 [4, 91] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.34 [0.85, 2.09] mg/100g (wet weight);
