FB-982 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=982 Animalia Chordata Teleostei Pleuronectiformes Paralichthyidae Paralichthys Paralichthys tropicus Ginsburg, 1933 Southern flounder Cardeau de Floride Lenguado de Florida Lenguado limpio Zomervogel 漠斑牙鮃 漠斑牙鲆 Paralichthys letostigma Jordan & Gilbert, 1884 1990-10-17 2022-10-06 Breder, C.M. and D.E. Rosen0 Modes of reproduction in fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey. 941 p. (Ref. 205) Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea and W.B. Scott0 A list of common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. (12)1-174. (Ref. 276) Randall, J.E. and R. Vergara0 Bothidae. In W. Fischer (ed.) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Central Atlantic (Fishing Area 31). FAO, Rome. Vol. 1. pag.var. (Ref. 3275) Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development0 Multilingual dictionary of fish and fish products. Fishing News Books, Oxford. (Ref. 3383) Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea and W.B. Scott0 Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. (20):183 p. (Ref. 3814) Hureau, J.-C.0 La base de données GICIM: Gestion informatisée des collections ichthyologiques du Muséum. p. 225-227. In Atlas Préliminaire des Poissons d'Eau Douce de France. Conseil Supérieur de la Pêche, Ministère de l'Environnement, CEMAGREF et Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris. (Ref. 4517) International Game Fish Association0 World record game fishes. International Game Fish Association, Florida, USA. (Ref. 4699) Cervigón, F. and W. Fischer0 INFOPESCA. Catálogo de especies marinas de interes economico actual o potencial para América Latina. Parte 1. Atlántico centro y suroccidental. FAO/UNDP, SIC/79/1. 372 p. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 6077) Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray0 A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251) Vasil'ev, V.P.0 Chromosome numbers in fish-like vertebrates and fish. J. Ichthyol. 20(3):1-38. (Ref. 8973) Frimodt, C.0 Multilingual illustrated guide to the world's commercial coldwater fish. Fishing News Books, Osney Mead, Oxford, England. 215 p. (Ref. 9988) Anonymous0 Fish collection database of the University of British Columbia Fish Museum Fish Museum. University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. (Ref. 10937) Massey, L.L. and D.E. Harper0 Selected computer images of southeastern U.S. marine fishes. NOAA Tech. Mem. NMFS-SEFSC-333, 49 p. (Ref. 11055) Hugg, D.O.0 MAPFISH georeferenced mapping database. Freshwater and estuarine fishes of North America. Life Science Software. Dennis O. and Steven Hugg, 1278 Turkey Point Road, Edgewater, Maryland, USA. (Ref. 12193) Matlock, G.C. and M.A. Garcia0 Stomach contents of selected fishes from Texas bays. Contrib. Mar. Sci. 26:95-110. (Ref. 12345) LeGrande, W.H.0 Karyology of six species of Louisiana flatfishes (Pleuronectiformes: Osteichthyes). Copeia 1975(3):516-522. (Ref. 29413) Randolph, S. and M. Snyder0 The seafood list: FDA's guide to acceptable market names for seafood sold in interstate commerce. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, USA. pag. var. (Ref. 30426) Wu, H.L., K.-T. Shao and C.F. Lai (eds.)0 Latin-Chinese dictionary of fishes names. The Sueichan Press, Taiwan. 1028 p. (Ref. 31517) Anonymous0 Fish collection database of the Natural History Museum, London (formerly British Museum of Natural History (BMNH)). Natural History Museum, London (formerly British Museum of Natural History (BMNH)). (Ref. 31982) Ramjohn, D.D.0 Checklist of coastal and marine fishes of Trinidad and Tobago. Marine Fishery Analysis Unit, Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agriculture, Land and Marine Resources, Trinidad and Tobago. Fisheries Information Series 8, 151 p. (Ref. 33407) Klinkhardt, M, M. Tesche and H. Greven0 Database of fish chromosomes. Westarp Wissenschaften. (Ref. 34370) Anonymous0 Fish collection database of the Gulf Coast Research Laboratory (GCRL). The Gulf Coast Research Laboratory (GCRL), Ocean Springs, Mississippi, USA. (Ref. 34634) Anonymous0 The icthyological collection of the Zoological Museum Hamburg (ZMH). Division of Ichthyology and Herpetology, Zoological Museum Hamburg (ZMH). (Ref. 35508) Anonymous0 Fish collection database of the National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian Institution). Smithsonian Institution-Division of Fishes. (Ref. 38732) Stunz, G.W., T.L. Linton and R.L. Colura0 Age and Growth of Southern Flounder in Texas Waters, with Emphasis on Matagorda Bay. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 129(1):119-125. (Ref. 39936) IGFA0 Database of IGFA angling records until 2001. IGFA, Fort Lauderdale, USA. (Ref. 40637) Anonymous0 Fish collection database of the American Museum of Natural History. American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West , NY 10024-5192, USA. (Ref. 41414) Burke, J.S.0 Role of feeding and prey distribution of summer and southern flounder in selection of estuarine nursery habitats. J. Fish Biol. 47(3):355-366. (Ref. 41793) Minello, T.J., R.J. Zimmerman and T.E. Czapla0 Habitat-related differences in diets of small fishes in Lavaca Bay, Texas, 1985-1986. NOAA Tech. Memo. SEFC-NMFS-236:1-16. (Ref. 42248) Smith, T.I.J., M.R. Denson, L.D. Heyward Sr., W.E. Jenkins and L.M. Carter0 Salinity effects on early life stages of southern flounder <i>Paralichthys lethostigma</i>. J. World Aquacult. Soc. 30(2):236-244. (Ref. 44433) Stunz, G.W.0 Age, growth and sexual maturity of southern flounder (<i>Paralichthys lethostigma</i>) from Matagorda Bay, Texas. pp. 7-10. In S.A. Woodin, D.M. Allen, S.E. Stancyk, J. Williams-Howze, R.J. Feller, D.S. Wethey, N.D. Pentcheff, G.T. Chandler, A.W. Decho, B.C. Coull (eds.) Twenty-fourth annual benthic ecology meeting, held in Columbia, South Carolina. (Ref. 45919) Fisher, A.J. and B.A. Thompson0 The age and growth of southern flounder, <i>Paralichthys lethostigma</i>, in Louisiana waters. p. 161-173. In 15/03/05 R. LeRoy Creswell (eds.) Proc. 52nd Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute, Key West, Florida, November 1999. Fort Pierce, Florida. (Ref. 46275) Anonymous0 Fish collection of the Royal Ontario Museum. Royal Ontario Museum. (Ref. 47438) Nelson, J.S., E.J. Crossman, H. Espinosa-Pérez, L.T. Findley, C.R. Gilbert, R.N. Lea and J.D. Williams0 Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico. American Fisheries Society, Special Publication 29, Bethesda, Maryland. ix, 386 p. + 1 CD. (Ref. 52299) Terwilliger, M.R. and T.A. Munroe0 Age, growth, longevity, and mortality of blackcheek tonguefish, <i>Symphurus plagiusa</i> (Cynoglossidae: Pleuronectiformes), in Chesapeake Bay, Virginia. Fish. Bull. 97:340-361. (Ref. 52682) Miller, J.M., J.S. Burke and G.R. Fitzhugh0 Early life history patterns of Atlantic North American flatfish: Likley (and unlikely factors) controlling recruitment. Neth. J. Sea Res. 27:261-275. (Ref. 52685) Munroe, T.A.0 Paralichthyidae. Sand flounders. p. 1898-1921. In K.E. Carpenter (ed.) FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Atlantic. Vol. 3: Bony fishes part 2 (Opistognathidae to Molidae), sea turtles and marine mammals. (Ref. 53012) Chinese Academy of Fishery Science (CAFS)0 Database of genetic resources of aquatic organisms in China (as of January 2007). Chinese Academy of Fishery Science. (Ref. 57879) Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences0 Chinese aquatic germplasm resources database. http://zzzy.fishinfo.cn (Ref. 58108) Azevedo, M.F.C., C. Oliveira, B.G. Pardo, P. Martinez and F. Foresti0 Cytogenetic characterization of six species of flatfishes with comments to karyotype differentiation patterns in Pleuronectiformes (Teleostei). J. Fish Biol. 70(Suppl.A):1-15. (Ref. 72412) Bartley, D.M. (comp./ed.)0 DIAS. Introduced species in fisheries and aquaculture: information for responsible use and control. CD-ROM. Rome (Italy): FAO. (Ref. 74657) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis, 29 April 2008. (Ref. 75549) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en, March 2010. (Ref. 83882) Kells, V. and K. Carpenter0 A field guide to coastal fishes from Maine to Texas. The Johnson Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland. (Ref. 89891) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en, March 2012. (Ref. 90062) Murdy, E.O. and J.A. Musick0 Field guide to fishes of the Chesapeake Bay. JHU Press, 360 p. (Ref. 93252) Guindon, K.Y. and J.M. Miller0 Growth potential of juvenile southern flounder, <i>Paralichthys lethostigma</i>, in low salinity nursery areas of Pamlico Sound, North Carolina, USA. Neth. J. Sea Res. 34(1-3):89-100. (Ref. 95624) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en, April 2014. (Ref. 95632) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en, [accessed 13/04/2015]. (Ref. 101110) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en (accessed 08/06/2017). (Ref. 115257) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from htttps://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en [accessed May, 2018] (Ref. 118272) Díaz de Astarloa, J.M., T.A. Munroe, P. Béarez, M. Gonzalez-Castro and D.L. Castellini0 External morphology, postcranial and appendicular osteology of three southwestern Atlantic flatfishes (Paralichthys, Paralichthyidae), and comparisons with other congeneric species. Neotrop. Ichthyol., 16(2)[e170164]:1-21. (Ref. 126085) Furey, N.B., M.A. Dance and J.R. Rooker0 Fine-scale movements and habitat use of juvenile southern flounder <i>Paralichthys lethostigma</i> in an estuarine seascape. Journal of Fish Biology 82:1469-1483. (Ref. 128969) Midway, S.R., T. Wagner, S.A. Arnott, P. Biondo, F. Martinez-Andrade and T.F. Wadsworth0 Spatial and temporal variability in growth of southern flounder (<i>Paralichthys lethostigma</i>). Fisheries Research 167:323-332. (Ref. 128971) Flowers, A.M., S.D. Allen, A.L. Markwith and L.M. Lee0 Stock assessment of southern flounder (<i>Paralichthys lethostigma</i>) in the South Atlantic, 1989-2017. Joint report of the North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries, South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Georgia Coastal Resources Division, Florida Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, and Louisiana State University. NCDMF SAP-SAR-2019-01. 213 p. (Ref. 128972) Price, S.A., S.T. Friedman, K.A. Corn, O. Larouche, K. Brockelsby, A.J. Lee, M. Nagaraj, N.G. Bertrand, M. Danao, M.C. Coyne, J.R. Estrada, R. Friedman, E. Hoeft, M. Iwan, D. Gross, J.H. Kao, B. Landry, M.J. Linares, C. McGlinn and …0 FishShapes v1: Functionally relevant measurements of teleost shape and size on three dimensions. Ecology 103(e3829):1-2. (Ref. 137577) FB-pic-981-51569 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif FAO 2009-08-12 2009-08-12 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=981 http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Palet_u1.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Palet_u1.gif FB-GeneralDescr-981 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2023-07-18 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=981 A cryptic species that tolerates low salinities; occurs frequently in brackish bays and estuaries, even on occasion in fresh water (Ref. 9988). Minimum depth is at 0.7 meters (Ref. 128969). Adults are found mostly over mud bottoms in estuaries and coastal waters to about 40 m depth. Taken by anglers inshore from bridges, jetties and small boats. They move to deeper water in winter, but are still easily accessible (Ref. 9988). Adults feed chiefly on fishes, also on crabs and shrimps. Juveniles take mainly small bottom-living invertebrates. Marketed fresh and frozen; eaten steamed, fried, boiled, microwaved and baked (Ref. 9988). Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray 1986 A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251) FB-Distribution-981 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Armi G. Torres 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2025-02-17 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=981 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Western Atlantic: Virginia to Texas in USA, northern Mexico, south to Trinidad and Tobago. Flowers, A.M., S.D. Allen, A.L. Markwith and L.M. Lee 2019 Stock assessment of southern flounder (<i>Paralichthys lethostigma</i>) in the South Atlantic, 1989-2017. Joint report of the North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries, South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Georgia Coastal Resources Division, Florida Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, and Louisiana State University. NCDMF SAP-SAR-2019-01. 213 p. (Ref. 128972) FB-Uses-981 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2023-07-18 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=981 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat fisheries: commercial; gamefish: yes Frimodt, C. 1995 Multilingual illustrated guide to the world's commercial coldwater fish. Fishing News Books, Osney Mead, Oxford, England. 215 p. (Ref. 9988) International Game Fish Association 1991 World record game fishes. International Game Fish Association, Florida, USA. (Ref. 4699) FB-LifeCycle-981 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2023-07-18 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=981&StockCode=997 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Distinct pairing (Ref. 205). Breder, C.M. and D.E. Rosen 1966 Modes of reproduction in fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey. 941 p. (Ref. 205) FB-TrophicStrategy-981 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Drina Sta. Iglesia 2000-10-19 00:00:00 2004-10-20 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ lethostigma Found mostly over mud bottoms in estuaries and coastal waters to about 40 m depth. A cryptic species; tolerates low salinities; occurs frequently in brackish bays and estuaries, even on occasion in fresh water. Feeds chiefly on fishes, also on crabs and shrimps. Juveniles take mainly small bottom-living invertebrates. Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray 1986 A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251) FB-Size-981 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2023-07-18 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=981 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#LifeCycle 83.0 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 40637)); max. published weight: 9,330 g (Ref. 4699); max. reported age: 8 years (Ref. 46275) IGFA 2001 Database of IGFA angling records until 2001. IGFA, Fort Lauderdale, USA. (Ref. 40637) International Game Fish Association 1991 World record game fishes. International Game Fish Association, Florida, USA. (Ref. 4699) Fisher, A.J. and B.A. Thompson 2001 The age and growth of southern flounder, <i>Paralichthys lethostigma</i>, in Louisiana waters. p. 161-173. In 15/03/05 R. LeRoy Creswell (eds.) Proc. 52nd Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute, Key West, Florida, November 1999. Fort Pierce, Florida. (Ref. 46275) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Habitat-981 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Armi G. Torres 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2023-07-18 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=981 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats demersal; brackish; marine; depth range 1 - 43 m (Ref. 89891) Kells, V. and K. Carpenter 2011 A field guide to coastal fishes from Maine to Texas. The Johnson Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland. (Ref. 89891)