FB-967 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=967 Animalia Chordata Teleostei Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Amphichthys Amphichthys cryptocentrus (Valenciennes, 1837) Durgon czarny Balista-negra Cangulo Cangulo-fernande Cangulo-francês Cangulo-negro Cangulo-preto Me-pega-por-favor Peixe-porco Porco preto Swart snellervis Sort aftrækkerfisk Schwarzer Drückerfisch Black durgeon Black durgon Black durgon triggerfish Black oldwife Black triggerfish Blackfish Ebony triggerfish Ndiouné Niger head Niggerfish Pigger Kpangba Baliste noir Awule din Ele ele Humuhumu-'ele'ele Soroimongara Karutha-karatti കറൂത്ത കരട്ടി കറുതാ കരട്ടി  Triger hitam Sumu-uli Calafate negro Cachúa negra Calafate Cochito negro Furu-furu Galafate Japonesa Negrito Peje puerco Puerco negro Varraco Bbupel Bus neg Doro Dròli-bambu Ewurae ku Fambil Ho Hopupu Humu tuakau Humu uli Kalihi Mai sunu Manu klor Pakol Papameta Pishiporko pretu Pogo olo biru Pogo rambai Te bubuaki Totong 角鱗魨 角鳞鲀 黑角鱗魨 黑角鳞鲀 Balistes buniva (non Lacepède, 1803) Balistes fuscolineatus Seale, 1901 Balistes kib Montrouzier, 1857 Balistes kibitar Montrouzier, 1857 Balistes niger Bloch, 1786 Balistes piceus Poey, 1863 Balistes radula Solander, 1848 Balistes ringens Osbeck, 1765 Balistes sillone Le Danois, 1961 Balistes verrucosus Gronow, 1854 Melichthys bispinosus Gilbert, 1890 Melichthys buniva (non Lacepède, 1803) Melichthys piceus (Poey, 1863) Melichthys radula (Solander, 1848) Melichthys ringens (Osbeck, 1765) Melicthys niger (Bloch, 1786) Melicthys radula (Solander, 1848) 1990-10-17 2015-05-13 Randall, J.E.0 Food habits of reef fishes of the West Indies. 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(Ref. 118793) Songco, A.0 Personal communication. Tubbataha species list. Excel file "MyReport_Species_21May2019". (Ref. 121724) University of Western Australia0 Pelagic BRUVS data 2019. Video BRUVS from Jessica Meeuwig. (Ref. 121799) University of Western Australia0 Benthic BRUVS data 2019. Video BRUVS from Jessica Meeuwig. (Ref. 122752) Qiu, S., B. Chen, J. Du, K.-H. Loh, J. Liao, X. Liu and W. Yang0 Checklist of the coral fish fauna of Xisha Islands, China. Biodiversity Data Journal 9: e63945. (Ref. 123833) van der Elst, Rudy, Simon Chater and Dennis King0 Fishes from Bassas Da India Atoll in the Mozambique Channel. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 629. (Ref. 124899) Simon, T., H.T. Pinheiro, R.L. Moura, A. Carvalho-Filho, L.A. Rocha, A.S. Martins, E. Mazzei, R.B. Francini-Filho, G.M. Amado-Filho and J.-C. Joyeux0 Mesophotic fishes of the Abrolhos Shelf, the largest reef ecosystem in the South Atlantic. J. Fish Biol. 89:990-1001. (Ref. 126840) Tilley, A.0 Timor-Leste common names. Personal communication [accessed 15/08/2022]. (Ref. 127010) Grove, J.S., D.J. Long, D.R. Robertson and B.C. Victor0 List of fishes of the Galapagos Archipelago, Ecuador. J. Ocean Sci. Found. 39:14-22. (Ref. 127348) Hazes, B.0 Hazes' underwater photos. Collection of Philippine underwater photos. Unpublished. (Ref. 127519) Coleman, R., J.M. Copus, D.M. Coffey, R.K. Whitton and B.W. Bowen0 Shifting reef fish assemblages along a depth gradient in Pohnpei, Micronesia. PeerJ, 6: e4650. (Ref. 128797) Harborne, A.0 Fish and coral species lists compiled by Coral Cay Conservation: Belize 1990-1998. Coral Cay Conservation, 26p. (Ref. 128811) Balisco, R.A.T., V.S. Ticzon, B.R. Samaniego, W.-C. Huang, B.J. Gonzales and T.-Y. Liao0 Marine fishes of Palawan, Philippines: species diversity, new records, and conservation status. Regional Studies in Marine Science 60(2023) 102825:1-10. (Ref. 130287) Kwei, E.A. and D.W. Ofori-Adu0 Fishes in the coastal waters of Ghana. Comm. 2. Tema-Ghana. 124p. (Ref. 130891) Béarez, P. and L. Bouffandeau0 Fishing for survival: The forgotten slaves of Tromelin Island (Indian Ocean). Int J Osteoarchaeol. 29:487-498. (Ref. 137464) Price, S.A., S.T. Friedman, K.A. Corn, O. Larouche, K. Brockelsby, A.J. Lee, M. Nagaraj, N.G. Bertrand, M. Danao, M.C. Coyne, J.R. Estrada, R. Friedman, E. Hoeft, M. Iwan, D. Gross, J.H. Kao, B. Landry, M.J. Linares, C. McGlinn and …0 FishShapes v1: Functionally relevant measurements of teleost shape and size on three dimensions. Ecology 103(e3829):1-2. (Ref. 137577) FB-pic-966-1956 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg John E. Randall 1994-12-23 2000-04-12 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=966 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Menig_u0.jpg http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/jpg/tn_Menig_u0.jpg FB-pic-966-4983 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif FAO 1995-07-10 1998-12-14 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=966 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Menig_u0.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Menig_u0.gif FB-pic-966-12193 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg John E. Randall 1996-10-27 2000-04-12 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=966 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Menig_u4.jpg http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/jpg/tn_Menig_u4.jpg FB-pic-966-20898 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg John E. Randall 1999-05-18 2018-11-13 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=966 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#DiagnosticDescription http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Menig_u5.jpg http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/jpg/tn_Menig_u5.jpg FB-GeneralDescr-966 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2023-06-15 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=966 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Morphology Inhabit clear seaward reefs. More common around oceanic islands (Ref. 9276). Found on inner and outer reef crests, usually near the slope or drop-off to deeper water, where in small but loose aggregations. Sometimes swim high above substrate feeding on zooplankton (Ref. 48637). May also be solitary (Ref. 90102). Benthopelagic (Ref. 58302). Diet consists primarily of calcareous algae and zooplankton (Ref. 1602); also feed on phytoplankton (Ref. 5213). At Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, southeast Atlantic, groups of about 100 individuals join groups of spinner dolphins to feed on feces and vomits of the cetaceans when they congregate in a shallow bay for rest and social interactions. The postures a dolphin adopts prior to defecating or vomiting are recognized, and the fish begin to converge to the dolphin shortly before the actual voiding. Offal feeding may be regarded as a simple behavioral shift from plankton feeding to drifting offal picking (Ref. 48727). Marketed fresh (Ref. 9770). Minimum depth reported taken from Ref. 128797. Matsuura, K. 2001 Balistidae. Triggerfishes. p. 3911-3928. In K.E. Carpenter and V. Niem (eds.) FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Vol. 6. Bony fishes part 4 (Labridae to Latimeriidae), estuarine crocodiles. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 9770) FB-DiagnosticDescr-966 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Estelita Emily Capuli 2019-01-16 00:00:00 2019-01-16 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=966 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution This species is distinguished by the following characters: a deep groove in front of eye; 20-25 head scale rows from corner of mouth to lower end of gill opening; 57-66 body scale rows from upper end of gill opening to caudal fin base; presence of prominent longitudinal ridges following scale rows of posterior body; slightly rounded to double emarginate caudal fin; a thin white bar neat posterior margin of the caudal fin; black spots on scales forming lines (Ref. 90102). Allen, G.R. and M.V. Erdmann 2012 Reef fishes of the East Indies. Perth, Australia: Universitiy of Hawai'i Press, Volumes I-III. Tropical Reef Research. (Ref. 90102) FB-Morphology-966 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Estelita Emily Capuli 2019-01-16 00:00:00 2019-01-16 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=966 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Uses Dorsal spines (total): 3; Dorsal soft rays (total): 30 - 34; Analspines: 0; Analsoft rays: 28 - 30 Allen, G.R. and M.V. Erdmann 2012 Reef fishes of the East Indies. Perth, Australia: Universitiy of Hawai'i Press, Volumes I-III. Tropical Reef Research. (Ref. 90102) FB-Distribution-966 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Armi G. Torres 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2021-06-17 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=966 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#LifeCycle Circumglobal. Uncommon in most areas but abundant around isolated oceanic islands (Ref. 9710). Matsuura, K. 2015 Taxonomy and systematics of tetraodontiform fishes: a review focusing primarily on progress in the period from 1980 to 2014. Ichthyol. Res. 62(1):72-113. (Ref. 97685) FB-Uses-966 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2023-06-15 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=966 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TrophicStrategy fisheries: minor commercial; aquarium: commercial; price category: medium; price reliability: very questionable: based on ex-vessel price for species in this family Cervigón, F. and W. Fischer 1979 INFOPESCA. Catálogo de especies marinas de interes economico actual o potencial para América Latina. Parte 1. Atlántico centro y suroccidental. FAO/UNDP, SIC/79/1. 372 p. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 6077) Miyasaka, A. 1993 A database on scientific and common names of fishes exported from Hawaii. The information was derived from the above mentioned database. A printout of the names is also available from the State of Hawaii, Department of Land and Natural Resources, 1151 Punchbowl Street, Honolulu, Hawaii. (Ref. 5358) FB-LifeCycle-966 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2023-06-15 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=966&StockCode=982 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Oviparous, distinct pairing during breeding (Ref. 205). Breder, C.M. and D.E. Rosen 1966 Modes of reproduction in fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey. 941 p. (Ref. 205) FB-TrophicStrategy-966 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Pascualita Sa-a 1995-04-05 00:00:00 2022-08-01 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public niger http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Cleaned by hogfish, Bodianus rufus, as observed on the coral reefs in Bonaire, Netherlands Antilles (Ref. 36810). Also cleaned by Thalassoma noronhanum observed at Fernando de Noronha Archipelago off northeastern Brazil (Ref. 36301). Microinvertiv/herbivore (Ref. 33499). Omnivorous and found around deep-water corals (Ref. 126840). Randall, J.E. 1967 Food habits of reef fishes of the West Indies. Stud. Trop. Oceanogr. Miami 5:665-847. (Ref. 33) FB-Size-966 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2023-06-15 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=966 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat 50.0 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 5217)) Cervigón, F., R. Cipriani, W. Fischer, L. Garibaldi, M. Hendrickx, A.J. Lemus, R. Márquez, J.M. Poutiers, G. Robaina and B. Rodriguez 1992 Fichas FAO de identificación de especies para los fines de la pesca. Guía de campo de las especies comerciales marinas y de aquas salobres de la costa septentrional de Sur América. FAO, Rome. 513 p. Preparado con el financiamento de la Comisión de Comunidades Europeas y de NORAD. (Ref. 5217) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Habitat-966 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Armi G. Torres 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2023-06-15 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=966 reef-associated; marine; depth range 0 - 75 m (Ref. 9710), usually 0 - 20 m (Ref. 40849) Lieske, E. and R. Myers 1994 Collins Pocket Guide. Coral reef fishes. Indo-Pacific & Caribbean including the Red Sea. Haper Collins Publishers, 400 p. (Ref. 9710) Gasparini, J.L. and S.R. Floeter 2001 The shore fishes of Trindade Island, western South Atlantic. J. Nat. Hist. 35:1639-1656. (Ref. 40849)