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<taxon>
	<dc:identifier>FB-95</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source>http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=95</dc:source>
	<dwc:Kingdom>Animalia</dwc:Kingdom>
	<dwc:Phylum>Chordata</dwc:Phylum>
	<dwc:Class>Teleostei</dwc:Class>
	<dwc:Order>Scombriformes</dwc:Order>
	<dwc:Family>Scombridae</dwc:Family>
	<dwc:Genus>Cybiosarda</dwc:Genus>
	<dwc:ScientificName>Cybiosarda elegans (Whitley, 1935)</dwc:ScientificName>
	<commonName xml:lang='no'>Auxid</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>Chesodm</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='fa'>Batch-e-zardeh</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='pl'>Tazar</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='pt'>Albacora-bandolim</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='pt'>Atum</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='pt'>Bonito</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='pt'>Bonito-cachorro</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='pt'>Cachorro</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='pt'>Cadelo</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='pt'>Cavala</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='pt'>Chapouto</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='pt'>Gaiado</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='pt'>Judeo</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='pt'>Judeo-liso</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='pt'>Judeu</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='pt'>Judeu-liso</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='pt'>Judeu-liso e judeu</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='pt'>Merma</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='pt'>Serra</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='ar'>Deraiga</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='ar'>Sadah</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='ar'>Tabban</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='ar'>Tibban</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>Turingan</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='my'>Nga-mae-lone</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>Ehalason</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>Ilahason</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>Perit</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>Pidlayan</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>Pidlayan (dagko lamugan)</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>Pirit</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>Tolingan</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>Tulingan</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='co'>Cavallinu</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='co'>Pesciu cavallu</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='da'>Auxide</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='de'>Fregattenmakrele</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='de'>Fregattmakrele</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='de'>Unechter Bonito</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='en'>Bonito</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='en'>Bullet mackerel</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='en'>Firgate tuna</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='en'>Frigate mackerel</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='en'>Frigate Mackerel</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='en'>Frigate tuna</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='en'>Frigate-tuna</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='en'>Leadenall</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='en'>Mackerel tuna</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='et'>Fregatt-makrelltuun</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='ee'>Kpokponku</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='fi'>Auksidi</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='fr'>Auxide</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='fr'>Frigate tuna</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='fr'>Melva</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>Opoku</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='gu'>Gedar</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='gu'>Gedara</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>Keokeo</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>Aloy</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>Kantorayan</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>Super Aloy</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='hr'>Robac</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='hr'>Rumbac</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='hr'>Trupac</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='hr'>Trupina</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='it'>Biso</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='it'>Bisu</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='it'>Bonitu</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='it'>Culariau</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='it'>Istrumbu</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='it'>Istrumbulu</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='it'>Motolo</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='it'>Motulu</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='it'>'Mpisu</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='it'>Muetolo</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='it'>Pisantuni</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='it'>Pizzutellu</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='it'>Sangusu</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='it'>Scurmo</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='it'>Scurmu</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='it'>Sgamirru</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='it'>Sgamiru</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='it'>Sgionfeto</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='it'>Strumbo</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='it'>Strumbu</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='it'>Strumbulu</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='it'>Strummulu</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='it'>Tambarela</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='it'>Tambarello</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='it'>Tambarelo</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='it'>Tamburello</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='it'>Tombarello</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='it'>Tonnetto</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='it'>Tumbarello</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='it'>Tunnacchiu</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='ja'>Hirasôda</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='ja'>Soda-gatsuo</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='ko'>물치다래</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='ml'>Ayila soora</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='ml'>Ellichoora</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='ml'>അയില ച്ചൂര</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='ml'>എള്ളിച്ചൂര</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='mr'>Bugudi</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='mr'>Gedar</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='mr'>Kuppa</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='ms'>Aya</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='ms'>Aya kurik</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='ms'>Aya selaseh</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='ms'>Aya selasih</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='ms'>Baculan</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='ms'>Bakulan</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='ms'>Balaki</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='ms'>Bangalak</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='ms'>Char hu</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='ms'>Hwek hu</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='ms'>Kayau</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='ms'>Kayu</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='ms'>Mambu</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='ms'>Mangkok-mangkok</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='ms'>Panit (Sabah)</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='ms'>Selasih</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='ms'>Semambu</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='ms'>Tongkol</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='ms'>Tongkol kurik</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='ms'>Tongkol selasih</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='mt'>Tumbrell</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='sr'>Rumbac</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='sr'>Trup</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='so'>Booraay</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='so'>Jaydar-dhiiglow</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='sw'>Sehewa</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='sv'>Auxid</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='ta'>Churai</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='ta'>Kutteli-churai</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='ta'>Urulan-churai</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='ta'>உருளன் சூரை</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='ta'>குத்‍தெலிச் சூரை</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='ta'>சூறை</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='tl'>Buroboto</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='tl'>Tulingan</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='tl'>Tulingan lapad</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='tr'>Gobene</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='tr'>Tombik</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='tr'>Tombile</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='uk'>Тунець макрелоподібний</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='vi'>Cá Ngừ chù</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='es'>Barrilete negro</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='es'>Barrileto negro</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='es'>Bonito</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='es'>Botellita</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='es'>Cabaña negra</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='es'>Cachorreta</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='es'>Guanco negro</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='es'>Melba</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='es'>Melva</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='es'>Melva aletilargo</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>Alagoduwa</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>Alalalum</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>Apoku</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>Bonit queue raide</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>Budburon</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>Cachorra</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>Cachorrinha</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>Fregatmakreel</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>Fregatni trupec</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>Fulu fulu</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>Hilason</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>Iguruguru</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>Ilason</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>Judeu</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>Kasareta metan</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>Kopani-Kopanaki</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>Kpokukpoku</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>Mangko</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>Mangkoh</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>Melva</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>Merma</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>Panguil</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>Ragondi</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>Tangi</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>Ton negru</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>Tongkol</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>Vahuyo</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>Yasiuneiu-yauma</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>Βαρελάκι</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>Κοπανάκι</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>Κοπάνι</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>Τουμπαρέλι</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>圆舵鲣</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>圓舵鰹</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>扁舵鰹</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>扁舵鲣</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>扁花鰹</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>扁花鲣</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>油烟</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>烟仔鱼</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>花烟</commonName>
	<synonym relationship='synonym'>Auxis hira Kishinouye, 1915</synonym>
	<synonym relationship='synonym'>Auxis tapeinosoma Bleeker, 1854</synonym>
	<synonym relationship='synonym'>Auxis thazard thazard (Lacepède, 1800)</synonym>
	<synonym relationship='synonym'>Auxis thazzard (Lacepède, 1800)</synonym>
	<synonym relationship='synonym'>Scomber taso Cuvier, 1832</synonym>
	<synonym relationship='synonym'>Scomber thazard Lacepède, 1800</synonym>
	<dcterms:created>1990-10-17</dcterms:created>
	<dcterms:modified>2008-09-10</dcterms:modified>
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	<agent homepage='' logoURL='' role='recorder'>Susan M. Luna</agent>
	<dcterms:created>1990-10-17 00:00:00</dcterms:created>
	<dcterms:modified>2025-10-27 00:00:00</dcterms:modified>
	<dc:title>Biology</dc:title>
	<dc:language></dc:language>
	<license>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/</license>
	<dc:rights></dc:rights>
	<dcterms:rightsHolder>WorldFish Center - FishBase</dcterms:rightsHolder>
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	<audience>General public</audience>
	<dc:source>http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=94</dc:source>
	<subject>http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Migration</subject>
	<dc:description>Adults are epipelagic in neritic and oceanic waters (Ref. 9340). They feed on small fish, squids, planktonic crustaceans (megalops), and stomatopod larvae (Ref. 5213). Because of their abundance, they are considered an important element of the food web, particularly as forage for other species of commercial interest. They are preyed upon by larger fishes, including other tunas (Ref. 9987). Marketed fresh and frozen (Ref. 9340) and also utilized dried or salted, smoked and canned (Ref. 9987).</dc:description>
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	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=32349&amp;speccode=94'>Collette, B.B. and C.R. Aadland 1996 Revision of the frigate tunas (Scombridae, &lt;i&gt;Auxis&lt;/i&gt;), with descriptions of two new subspecies from the eastern Pacific. Fish. Bull. 94(3):423-441. (Ref. 32349)</reference></dataObject><dataObject>
	<dc:identifier>FB-DiagnosticDescr-94</dc:identifier>
	<dataType>http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text</dataType>
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	<agent homepage='' logoURL='' role='recorder'>Susan M. Luna</agent>
	<dcterms:created>1990-10-18 00:00:00</dcterms:created>
	<dcterms:modified>2019-02-01 00:00:00</dcterms:modified>
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	<dc:rights></dc:rights>
	<dcterms:rightsHolder>WorldFish Center - FishBase</dcterms:rightsHolder>
	<dcterms:bibliographicCitation></dcterms:bibliographicCitation>
	<audience>General public</audience>
	<dc:source>http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=94</dc:source>
	<subject>http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size</subject>
	<dc:description>This species is distinguished by the following characters: a robust body, elongated and rounded; teeth small and conical, in a single series; total gill rakers on first gill arch 36-42; dorsal fins 2, D1 X-XII, separated from the second by a large interspace (at least equal to length of first dorsal-fin base), second dorsal fin followed by 8 finlets; anal fin followed by 7 finlets; pectoral fins short, but reaching past vertical line from anterior margin of scaleless area above corselet; a large single-pointed flap (interpelvic process) between pelvic fins; body naked except for the corselet, which is well developed and narrow in its posterior part (no more than 5 scales wide under second dorsal-fin origin); a strong central keel on each side of caudal-fin base between 2 smaller keels. Colour of back bluish,  turning to deep purple or almost black on the head; a pattern of 15 or more narrow,  oblique to nearly horizontal,  dark wavy lines in scaleless area above lateral line; belly white; pectoral and pelvic fins purple, inner sides black (Ref 9684).</dc:description>
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	<reference isbn='92-5-104589-5' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=9684&amp;speccode=94'>Collette, B.B. 2001 Scombridae. Tunas (also, albacore, bonitos, mackerels, seerfishes, and wahoo). p. 3721-3756. In K.E. Carpenter and V. Niem (eds.) FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Vol. 6. Bony fishes part 4 (Labridae to Latimeriidae), estuarine crocodiles. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 9684)</reference></dataObject><dataObject>
	<dc:identifier>FB-Morphology-94</dc:identifier>
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	<dcterms:created>1990-10-18 00:00:00</dcterms:created>
	<dcterms:modified>2019-02-01 00:00:00</dcterms:modified>
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	<license>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/</license>
	<dc:rights></dc:rights>
	<dcterms:rightsHolder>WorldFish Center - FishBase</dcterms:rightsHolder>
	<dcterms:bibliographicCitation></dcterms:bibliographicCitation>
	<audience>General public</audience>
	<dc:source>http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=94</dc:source>
	<subject>http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats</subject>
	<dc:description>Dorsal spines (total): 10 - 12; Dorsal soft rays (total): 10 - 13;  Analspines: 0; Analsoft rays: 10 - 14</dc:description>
	<mediaURL></mediaURL>
	<thumbnailURL></thumbnailURL>
	<location></location>
	<reference isbn='92-5-104589-5' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=9684&amp;speccode=94'>Collette, B.B. 2001 Scombridae. Tunas (also, albacore, bonitos, mackerels, seerfishes, and wahoo). p. 3721-3756. In K.E. Carpenter and V. Niem (eds.) FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Vol. 6. Bony fishes part 4 (Labridae to Latimeriidae), estuarine crocodiles. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 9684)</reference></dataObject><dataObject>
	<dc:identifier>FB-Distribution-94</dc:identifier>
	<dataType>http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text</dataType>
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	<agent homepage='' logoURL='' role='recorder'>Susan M. Luna</agent>
	<dcterms:created>1990-10-18 00:00:00</dcterms:created>
	<dcterms:modified>2024-01-11 00:00:00</dcterms:modified>
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	<dc:language></dc:language>
	<license>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/</license>
	<dc:rights></dc:rights>
	<dcterms:rightsHolder>WorldFish Center - FishBase</dcterms:rightsHolder>
	<dcterms:bibliographicCitation></dcterms:bibliographicCitation>
	<audience>General public</audience>
	<dc:source>http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=94</dc:source>
	<subject>http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat</subject>
	<dc:description>Atlantic,Mediterranean, Indian and Pacific (Western Central).  Eastern Pacific population recognized as subspecies Auxis thazard brachydorax (Ref. 32349).  Many authors have used the name Auxis thazard as including Auxis rochei in the belief that there was only a single worldwide species of Auxis.  Highly migratory species.</dc:description>
	<mediaURL></mediaURL>
	<thumbnailURL></thumbnailURL>
	<location></location>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=32349&amp;speccode=94'>Collette, B.B. and C.R. Aadland 1996 Revision of the frigate tunas (Scombridae, &lt;i&gt;Auxis&lt;/i&gt;), with descriptions of two new subspecies from the eastern Pacific. Fish. Bull. 94(3):423-441. (Ref. 32349)</reference></dataObject><dataObject>
	<dc:identifier>FB-Uses-94</dc:identifier>
	<dataType>http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text</dataType>
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	<agent homepage='' logoURL='' role='recorder'>Susan M. Luna</agent>
	<dcterms:created>1990-10-17 00:00:00</dcterms:created>
	<dcterms:modified>2025-10-27 00:00:00</dcterms:modified>
	<dc:title>Importance</dc:title>
	<dc:language></dc:language>
	<license>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/</license>
	<dc:rights></dc:rights>
	<dcterms:rightsHolder>WorldFish Center - FishBase</dcterms:rightsHolder>
	<dcterms:bibliographicCitation></dcterms:bibliographicCitation>
	<audience>General public</audience>
	<dc:source>http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=94</dc:source>
	<subject>http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#DiagnosticDescription</subject>
	<dc:description>fisheries: highly commercial; gamefish: yes; price category: very high; price reliability: reliable: based on ex-vessel price for this species</dc:description>
	<mediaURL></mediaURL>
	<thumbnailURL></thumbnailURL>
	<location></location>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=4931&amp;speccode=94'>FAO 1992 FAO yearbook. Fishery statistics: catches and landings. Vol. 70: 1990. FAO Fish. Ser. 38:647 p. (Ref. 4931)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=4699&amp;speccode=94'>International Game Fish Association 1991 World record game fishes. International Game Fish Association, Florida, USA. (Ref. 4699)</reference></dataObject><dataObject>
	<dc:identifier>FB-Migration-94</dc:identifier>
	<dataType>http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text</dataType>
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	<agent homepage='' logoURL='' role='recorder'>Susan M. Luna</agent>
	<dcterms:created>1990-10-17 00:00:00</dcterms:created>
	<dcterms:modified>2025-10-27 00:00:00</dcterms:modified>
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	<dc:language></dc:language>
	<license>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/</license>
	<dc:rights></dc:rights>
	<dcterms:rightsHolder>WorldFish Center - FishBase</dcterms:rightsHolder>
	<dcterms:bibliographicCitation></dcterms:bibliographicCitation>
	<audience>General public</audience>
	<dc:source>http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=94</dc:source>
	<subject>http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Morphology</subject>
	<dc:description>Oceanodromous. Migrating within oceans typically between spawning and different feeding areas, as tunas do.  Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km.</dc:description>
	<mediaURL></mediaURL>
	<thumbnailURL></thumbnailURL>
	<location></location>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=71039&amp;speccode=94'>United Nations 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982. United Nations. Retrieved on June 30, 2004, from http://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/UNCLOS-TOC.htm (Ref. 71039)</reference></dataObject><dataObject>
	<dc:identifier>FB-LifeCycle-94</dc:identifier>
	<dataType>http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text</dataType>
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	<agent homepage='' logoURL='' role='recorder'>Susan M. Luna</agent>
	<dcterms:created>1990-10-17 00:00:00</dcterms:created>
	<dcterms:modified>2025-10-27 00:00:00</dcterms:modified>
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	<dc:language></dc:language>
	<license>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/</license>
	<dc:rights></dc:rights>
	<dcterms:rightsHolder>WorldFish Center - FishBase</dcterms:rightsHolder>
	<dcterms:bibliographicCitation></dcterms:bibliographicCitation>
	<audience>General public</audience>
	<dc:source>http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=94&amp;StockCode=108</dc:source>
	<subject>http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution</subject>
	<dc:description>In correlation with temperature and other environmental changes, the spawning season varies with areas, but in some places it may even extend throughout the year.</dc:description>
	<mediaURL></mediaURL>
	<thumbnailURL></thumbnailURL>
	<location></location>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=168&amp;speccode=94'>Collette, B.B. and C.E. Nauen 1983 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 2. Scombrids of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of tunas, mackerels, bonitos and related species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(2):137 p. (Ref. 168)</reference></dataObject><dataObject>
	<dc:identifier>FB-TrophicStrategy-94</dc:identifier>
	<dataType>http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text</dataType>
	<mimeType>text/html</mimeType>
	<agent homepage='' logoURL='' role='recorder'>Susan M. Luna</agent>
	<dcterms:created>1990-10-19 00:00:00</dcterms:created>
	<dcterms:modified>2024-02-02 00:00:00</dcterms:modified>
	<dc:title></dc:title>
	<dc:language></dc:language>
	<license>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/</license>
	<dc:rights></dc:rights>
	<dcterms:bibliographicCitation></dcterms:bibliographicCitation>
	<dc:source>thazard</dc:source>
	<dc:description>Larvae found closer to the coast.  Shoaling species.  Feeds on small fishes, clupeids, squids and small crustaceans (Ref. 9773).  Epipelagic (Also Ref. 9773) in neritic and oceanic waters (Ref. 9340).  Feeds on small fish, squids, planktonic crustaceans (megalops), and stomatopod larvae (Ref. 5213).  Because of their abundance, they are considered an important element of the food web, particularly as forage for other species of commercial interest.  Preyed upon by larger fishes, including other tunas (Ref. 9987).  Confined to oceanic salinities with strong schooling behavior. Though larvae have a high temperature tolerance (at least between 21.6 and 30.5°C), the widest among tuna species studied, their optimum temperature is between 27 and 27.9°C.</dc:description>
	<mediaURL></mediaURL>
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	<location></location>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=168&amp;speccode=94'>Collette, B.B. and C.E. Nauen 1983 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 2. Scombrids of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of tunas, mackerels, bonitos and related species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(2):137 p. (Ref. 168)</reference></dataObject><dataObject>
	<dc:identifier>FB-Size-94</dc:identifier>
	<dataType>http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text</dataType>
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	<agent homepage='' logoURL='' role='recorder'>Susan M. Luna</agent>
	<dcterms:created>1990-10-17 00:00:00</dcterms:created>
	<dcterms:modified>2025-10-27 00:00:00</dcterms:modified>
	<dc:title>Max. size</dc:title>
	<dc:language></dc:language>
	<license>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/</license>
	<dc:rights></dc:rights>
	<dcterms:rightsHolder>WorldFish Center - FishBase</dcterms:rightsHolder>
	<dcterms:bibliographicCitation></dcterms:bibliographicCitation>
	<audience>General public</audience>
	<dc:source>http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=94</dc:source>
	<subject>http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size</subject>
	<dc:description>65.0 cm FL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 29114)); max. published weight: 1,720 g (Ref. 40637); max. reported age: 5 years (Ref. 29114)</dc:description>
	<mediaURL></mediaURL>
	<thumbnailURL></thumbnailURL>
	<location></location>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=29114&amp;speccode=94'>Cayré, P., J.B. Amon Kothias, T. Diouf and J.M. Stretta 1993 Biology of tuna. p. 147-244. In A. Fonteneau and J. Marcille (eds.) Resources, fishing and biology of the tropical tunas of the Eastern Central Atlantic. FAO Fish. Tech. Pap. 292. Rome, FAO. 354 p. (Ref. 29114)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=40637&amp;speccode=94'>IGFA 2001 Database of IGFA angling records until 2001. IGFA, Fort Lauderdale, USA. (Ref. 40637)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=29114&amp;speccode=94'>Cayré, P., J.B. Amon Kothias, T. Diouf and J.M. Stretta 1993 Biology of tuna. p. 147-244. In A. Fonteneau and J. Marcille (eds.) Resources, fishing and biology of the tropical tunas of the Eastern Central Atlantic. FAO Fish. Tech. Pap. 292. Rome, FAO. 354 p. (Ref. 29114)</reference></dataObject><dataObject>
	<dc:identifier>FB-Threats-2</dc:identifier>
	<dataType>http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text</dataType>
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	<agent homepage='' logoURL='' role='recorder'>Belen Acosta</agent>
	<dcterms:created>1990-10-18 00:00:00</dcterms:created>
	<dcterms:modified>2024-03-07 00:00:00</dcterms:modified>
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	<license>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/</license>
	<dc:rights></dc:rights>
	<dcterms:rightsHolder>WorldFish Center - FishBase</dcterms:rightsHolder>
	<dcterms:bibliographicCitation></dcterms:bibliographicCitation>
	<audience>General public</audience>
	<dc:source>http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2</dc:source>
	<subject>http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats</subject>
	<dc:description>Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group</dc:description>
	<mediaURL></mediaURL>
	<thumbnailURL></thumbnailURL>
	<location></location>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=57073'>IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006.</reference></dataObject><dataObject>
	<dc:identifier>FB-Diseases-94-243</dc:identifier>
	<dataType>http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text</dataType>
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	<agent homepage='' logoURL='' role='recorder'>Crispina B. Binohlan</agent>
	<dcterms:created>1990-12-07 00:00:00</dcterms:created>
	<dcterms:modified>1990-12-07 00:00:00</dcterms:modified>
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	<dc:language></dc:language>
	<license>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/</license>
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	<dcterms:rightsHolder>WorldFish Center - FishBase</dcterms:rightsHolder>
	<dcterms:bibliographicCitation></dcterms:bibliographicCitation>
	<audience>General public</audience>
	<dc:source>http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=94&amp;StockCode=108</dc:source>
	<subject>http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat</subject>
	<dc:description>Bomolochus Disease. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)</dc:description>
	<mediaURL></mediaURL>
	<thumbnailURL></thumbnailURL>
	<location></location>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=235&amp;speccode=94'>Uchida, R.N. 1981 Synopsis of biological data on frigate tuna, &lt;i&gt;Auxis thazard&lt;/i&gt;, and bullet tuna, &lt;i&gt;A. rochei&lt;/i&gt;. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS Circular 436. FAO Fish. Synop. No. 12, 463 p. (Ref. 235)</reference></dataObject><dataObject>
	<dc:identifier>FB-Diseases-94-239</dc:identifier>
	<dataType>http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text</dataType>
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	<agent homepage='' logoURL='' role='recorder'>Crispina B. Binohlan</agent>
	<dcterms:created>1990-12-07 00:00:00</dcterms:created>
	<dcterms:modified>1990-12-07 00:00:00</dcterms:modified>
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	<dcterms:rightsHolder> FAO</dcterms:rightsHolder>
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	<audience>General public</audience>
	<dc:source>http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=94&amp;StockCode=108</dc:source>
	<subject></subject>
	<dc:description>Callitetrarhynchus Disease. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)</dc:description>
	<mediaURL></mediaURL>
	<thumbnailURL></thumbnailURL>
	<location></location>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=235&amp;speccode=94'>Uchida, R.N. 1981 Synopsis of biological data on frigate tuna, &lt;i&gt;Auxis thazard&lt;/i&gt;, and bullet tuna, &lt;i&gt;A. rochei&lt;/i&gt;. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS Circular 436. FAO Fish. Synop. No. 12, 463 p. (Ref. 235)</reference></dataObject><dataObject>
	<dc:identifier>FB-Diseases-94-237</dc:identifier>
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	<agent homepage='' logoURL='' role='recorder'>Crispina B. Binohlan</agent>
	<dcterms:created>1990-12-07 00:00:00</dcterms:created>
	<dcterms:modified>1990-12-07 00:00:00</dcterms:modified>
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	<dc:language></dc:language>
	<license>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/</license>
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	<dcterms:rightsHolder>WorldFish Center - FishBase</dcterms:rightsHolder>
	<dcterms:bibliographicCitation></dcterms:bibliographicCitation>
	<audience>General public</audience>
	<dc:source>http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=94&amp;StockCode=108</dc:source>
	<subject>http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution</subject>
	<dc:description>Colocynotrema Disease. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)</dc:description>
	<mediaURL></mediaURL>
	<thumbnailURL></thumbnailURL>
	<location></location>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=235&amp;speccode=94'>Uchida, R.N. 1981 Synopsis of biological data on frigate tuna, &lt;i&gt;Auxis thazard&lt;/i&gt;, and bullet tuna, &lt;i&gt;A. rochei&lt;/i&gt;. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS Circular 436. FAO Fish. Synop. No. 12, 463 p. (Ref. 235)</reference></dataObject><dataObject>
	<dc:identifier>FB-Diseases-94-234</dc:identifier>
	<dataType>http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text</dataType>
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	<dcterms:created>1990-12-07 00:00:00</dcterms:created>
	<dcterms:modified>1990-12-07 00:00:00</dcterms:modified>
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	<dc:rights></dc:rights>
	<dcterms:rightsHolder>WorldFish Center - FishBase</dcterms:rightsHolder>
	<dcterms:bibliographicCitation></dcterms:bibliographicCitation>
	<audience>General public</audience>
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	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=235&amp;speccode=94'>Uchida, R.N. 1981 Synopsis of biological data on frigate tuna, &lt;i&gt;Auxis thazard&lt;/i&gt;, and bullet tuna, &lt;i&gt;A. rochei&lt;/i&gt;. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS Circular 436. FAO Fish. Synop. No. 12, 463 p. (Ref. 235)</reference></dataObject><dataObject>
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	<dc:description>Hexostoma auxidi Disease. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)</dc:description>
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	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=235&amp;speccode=94'>Uchida, R.N. 1981 Synopsis of biological data on frigate tuna, &lt;i&gt;Auxis thazard&lt;/i&gt;, and bullet tuna, &lt;i&gt;A. rochei&lt;/i&gt;. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS Circular 436. FAO Fish. Synop. No. 12, 463 p. (Ref. 235)</reference></dataObject><dataObject>
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	<subject>http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats</subject>
	<dc:description>Opepherotrema Infestation. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)</dc:description>
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	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=235&amp;speccode=94'>Uchida, R.N. 1981 Synopsis of biological data on frigate tuna, &lt;i&gt;Auxis thazard&lt;/i&gt;, and bullet tuna, &lt;i&gt;A. rochei&lt;/i&gt;. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS Circular 436. FAO Fish. Synop. No. 12, 463 p. (Ref. 235)</reference></dataObject><dataObject>
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	<dc:description>Phacelotrema Disease. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)</dc:description>
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	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=235&amp;speccode=94'>Uchida, R.N. 1981 Synopsis of biological data on frigate tuna, &lt;i&gt;Auxis thazard&lt;/i&gt;, and bullet tuna, &lt;i&gt;A. rochei&lt;/i&gt;. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS Circular 436. FAO Fish. Synop. No. 12, 463 p. (Ref. 235)</reference></dataObject><dataObject>
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	<dc:description>Phyllodistomum Disease. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)</dc:description>
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	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=235&amp;speccode=94'>Uchida, R.N. 1981 Synopsis of biological data on frigate tuna, &lt;i&gt;Auxis thazard&lt;/i&gt;, and bullet tuna, &lt;i&gt;A. rochei&lt;/i&gt;. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS Circular 436. FAO Fish. Synop. No. 12, 463 p. (Ref. 235)</reference></dataObject><dataObject>
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	<dc:description>Rhipidocotyle Infestation. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)</dc:description>
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	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=235&amp;speccode=94'>Uchida, R.N. 1981 Synopsis of biological data on frigate tuna, &lt;i&gt;Auxis thazard&lt;/i&gt;, and bullet tuna, &lt;i&gt;A. rochei&lt;/i&gt;. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS Circular 436. FAO Fish. Synop. No. 12, 463 p. (Ref. 235)</reference></dataObject><dataObject>
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	<dc:description>Tergestia Disease. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)</dc:description>
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	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=235&amp;speccode=94'>Uchida, R.N. 1981 Synopsis of biological data on frigate tuna, &lt;i&gt;Auxis thazard&lt;/i&gt;, and bullet tuna, &lt;i&gt;A. rochei&lt;/i&gt;. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS Circular 436. FAO Fish. Synop. No. 12, 463 p. (Ref. 235)</reference></dataObject><dataObject>
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	<dc:description>pelagic-neritic; oceanodromous (Ref. 71039); marine; depth range 50 - ? m (Ref. 9340)</dc:description>
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	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=71039&amp;speccode=94'>United Nations 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982. United Nations. Retrieved on June 30, 2004, from http://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/UNCLOS-TOC.htm (Ref. 71039)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=9340&amp;speccode=94'>Collette, B.B. 1995 Scombridae. Atunes, bacoretas, bonitos, caballas, estorninos, melva, etc. p. 1521-1543. In W. Fischer, F. Krupp, W. Schneider, C. Sommer, K.E. Carpenter and V. Niem (eds.) Guia FAO para Identification de Especies para lo Fines de la Pesca. Pacifico Centro-Oriental. 3 Vols. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 9340)</reference></dataObject>
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