FB-94 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=94 Animalia Chordata Teleostei Scombriformes Scombridae Auxis Auxis thazard (Lacepède, 1800) Auxid Tazar marun Atum Bonito Bonito-cachorro Cavala Judeu Judeu melveira Koeël-tuna Skumbri i madh Skumri i madh Toni ngjyrë plumb Trupi Balamida Bonitou Cavalla Matseti Melva Milva Stoum Stroum Tebrelli ﻱﺘﻴﺴﺗﺎﻣ Turingan Bodboran Buboron Perit Pidlayan Pirit Tulingan Fregatmakrel Fregattenmakrele Fregattmakrele Unechter Bonito Blow goat Bullet Mackerel Bullet mackerel Bullet tuna Bullet-tuna Corseletted frigate mackerel Corsetted frigate mackerel Firgate tuna Frigate mackerel Frigate tuna Long corseletted frigate mackerel Mackerel tuna Maru frigate mackerel Kuul-makrelltuun Auxide Bonitou Bunita Melva Palmuda gammadit Aloy Trup Biso Tombarello Dainanpo Kubarai Magatsuwo Manba Marusôda 몽치다래 Urulan-choorai ഉരുളന് ചൂര Aya Aya peluru Aya selaseh Aya selasih Baculan Bakulan Kayau Kayu Semambu Tongkol Bizu Mazzita Pizzintun Sgamirru Tombitombi Tumbreall Tumbrell Zgamirru Rumbac Trup Auxid Eli-choorai Kutteli-choorai எலிச் சூறை குத்‍தெலிச் சூரை Bonito Buroboto bilog Kuringding Tulingan Gobene Gobene balığı Tombik balığı Cá Ngừ o Barrilete negro Bonito Botellita Melva Melva aleticorto Melva canutera Melvera Sanguzo Aya selaseh Babalaki Bakulan Balaki Bodboron Budburon Burot Curubok Eli-choorai Jerebok Kombaya Kopani Koponi-Kopanaki Kutteli-choorai Lubak-lubak Mangko Manko Melva Ragodu Ragondi Tangi Tongkol Trupec Turingah boyo Vahuyo Yasiuneiu-yauma Βαρελάκι Κοπανέλι Κοπάνι Τερνέττα Τουμπαρέλι 双鳍舵鲣 圆花鲣 圓花鰹 烟仔鱼 烟管仔 煙仔魚 竹棍鱼 花烟 花煙 雙鰭舵鰹 Auxis bisus (Rafinesque, 1810) Auxis maru Kishinouye, 1915 Auxis ramsayi Castelnau, 1879 Auxis rochei rochei (Risso, 1810) Auxis thazard (non Lacepède, 1800) Auxis thazard thazard (non Lacepède, 1800) Auxis thynnoides Bleeker, 1855 Auxis vulgaris Cuvier, 1832 Euthynnus affinis (non Cantor, 1849) Scomber bisus Rafinesque, 1810 Scomber rochei Risso, 1810 Thunnus rocheanus (Risso, 1827) Thynnus rocheanus Risso, 1827 1990-10-17 2024-01-15 Collette, B.B. and C.E. 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Hoeft, M. Iwan, D. Gross, J.H. Kao, B. Landry, M.J. Linares, C. McGlinn and …0 FishShapes v1: Functionally relevant measurements of teleost shape and size on three dimensions. Ecology 103(e3829):1-2. (Ref. 137577) FB-pic-93-5387 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif FAO 1995-08-14 1996-04-02 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=93 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Auroc_u1.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Auroc_u1.gif FB-pic-93-6705 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif FAO 1995-12-26 1996-04-02 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=93 http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Auroc_u2.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Auroc_u2.gif FB-pic-93-10329 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif Robbie N. Cada 1993-07-01 2008-06-25 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Image can be freely copied and altered, as long as original author and source are properly acknowledged. WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=93 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Auroc_u0.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Auroc_u0.gif FB-pic-93-21068 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg John E. Randall 1999-05-21 2010-07-22 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=93 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats at surface; (over 137.3 m) Locality: Kaena Pt., Oahu, Hawaii. http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Auroc_u1.jpg http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/jpg/tn_Auroc_u1.jpg Locality: Kaena Pt., Oahu, Hawaii. FB-pic-93-21069 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg John E. Randall 1999-05-21 2000-11-26 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=93 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Auroc_u2.jpg http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/jpg/tn_Auroc_u2.jpg Locality: Padang Bai, Bali, Indonesia. FB-GeneralDescr-93 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2025-10-27 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ FAO General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=93 Adults are principally caught in coastal waters and around islands (Ref. 9340). Form schools. Feed on small fishes, particularly anchovies, crustaceans (especially crab and stomatopod larvae) and squids. Eggs and larvae are pelagic (Ref. 6769). Because of their abundance, they are considered an important element of the food web, particularly as forage for other species of commercial interest. Also caught with encircling nets and troll lines (Ref. 9340). Marketed fresh and frozen (Ref. 9340) and also dried or salted, smoked and canned (Ref. 9987). Collette, B.B. and C.R. Aadland 1996 Revision of the frigate tunas (Scombridae, <i>Auxis</i>), with descriptions of two new subspecies from the eastern Pacific. Fish. Bull. 94(3):423-441. (Ref. 32349) FB-DiagnosticDescr-93 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2008-01-11 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=93 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Back bluish, turning to deep purple or almost black on head. Scaleless area with pattern of 15 or more fairly broad, nearly vertical dark bars. Belly white. Pectoral and pelvic fins purple, their inner sides black. Body robust, elongate and rounded. Teeth small and conical, in a single series. Pectoral fins short, not reaching vertical line from anterior margin of scaleless area above corselet. A large, single-pointed flap (interpelvic process) between pelvic fins. Body naked except for corselet, which is well developed in its posterior part 9 more than 6 scales wide under second dorsal-fin origin). A strong central keel on each side of caudal-fin base between 2 smaller keels (Ref 9684). Figueiredo, J.L. and N.A. Menezes 2000 Manual de peixes marinhos do sudeste do Brasil. VI.Teleostei (5). Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo. Brazil. 116 p. (Ref. 36453) FB-Morphology-93 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2008-01-11 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=93 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Uses Dorsal spines (total): 9 - 12; Dorsal soft rays (total): 10 - 13; Analspines: 0; Analsoft rays: 12 - 14 Figueiredo, J.L. and N.A. Menezes 2000 Manual de peixes marinhos do sudeste do Brasil. VI.Teleostei (5). Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo. Brazil. 116 p. (Ref. 36453) FB-Distribution-93 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-01-11 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=93 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Atlantic, Indian and Pacific (Western): including the Mediterranean Sea. The eastern Pacific population is recognized as subspecies Auxis rochei eudorax (Ref. 32349). Highly migratory species. Collette, B.B. and C.R. Aadland 1996 Revision of the frigate tunas (Scombridae, <i>Auxis</i>), with descriptions of two new subspecies from the eastern Pacific. Fish. Bull. 94(3):423-441. (Ref. 32349) FB-Uses-93 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2025-10-27 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=93 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats fisheries: highly commercial; gamefish: yes; price category: very high; price reliability: reliable: based on ex-vessel price for this species FAO 1992 FAO yearbook. Fishery statistics: catches and landings. Vol. 70: 1990. FAO Fish. Ser. 38:647 p. (Ref. 4931) Frimodt, C. 1995 Multilingual illustrated guide to the world's commercial warmwater fish. Fishing News Books, Osney Mead, Oxford, England. 215 p. (Ref. 9987) FB-Migration-93 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2025-10-27 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=93 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Oceanodromous. Migrating within oceans typically between spawning and different feeding areas, as tunas do. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km. United Nations 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982. United Nations. Retrieved on June 30, 2004, from http://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/UNCLOS-TOC.htm (Ref. 71039) FB-LifeCycle-93 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2025-10-27 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ FAO General public http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=93&StockCode=107 Fecundity ranges between 31,000 and 103,000 eggs per spawning according to the size of the fish. Collette, B.B. and C.E. Nauen 1983 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 2. Scombrids of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of tunas, mackerels, bonitos and related species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(2):137 p. (Ref. 168) FB-TrophicStrategy-93 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-19 00:00:00 2008-01-24 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public rochei http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution A schooling species, usually confined to oceanic salinities and with an optimum temperature between 27 and 27°C. Its larvae has the widest temperature tolerance among the tuna species studied, at least between 21.6 and 30.5°C. Collette, B.B. and C.E. Nauen 1983 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 2. Scombrids of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of tunas, mackerels, bonitos and related species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(2):137 p. (Ref. 168) FB-Size-93 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2025-10-27 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=93 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Uses 50.0 cm FL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 168)); max. reported age: 5 years (Ref. 125574) Collette, B.B. and C.E. Nauen 1983 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 2. Scombrids of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of tunas, mackerels, bonitos and related species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(2):137 p. (Ref. 168) Kahraman, A.E., D. Göktürk and F.S. Karakulak 2011 Age and growth of bullet tuna, <i>Auxis rochei</i> (Risso), from the Turkish Mediterranean coasts. African Journal of Biotechnology 10(15):3009-3013. (Ref. 125574) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Migration Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Diseases-93-243 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1990-12-07 00:00:00 1990-12-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=93&StockCode=107 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Bomolochus Disease. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Uchida, R.N. 1981 Synopsis of biological data on frigate tuna, <i>Auxis thazard</i>, and bullet tuna, <i>A. rochei</i>. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS Circular 436. FAO Fish. Synop. No. 12, 463 p. (Ref. 235) FB-Diseases-93-225 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1990-12-07 00:00:00 1990-12-12 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=93&StockCode=107 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Caligus Infestation 1. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Uchida, R.N. 1981 Synopsis of biological data on frigate tuna, <i>Auxis thazard</i>, and bullet tuna, <i>A. rochei</i>. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS Circular 436. FAO Fish. Synop. No. 12, 463 p. (Ref. 235) FB-Diseases-93-239 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1990-12-07 00:00:00 1990-12-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=93&StockCode=107 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Callitetrarhynchus Disease. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Uchida, R.N. 1981 Synopsis of biological data on frigate tuna, <i>Auxis thazard</i>, and bullet tuna, <i>A. rochei</i>. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS Circular 436. FAO Fish. Synop. No. 12, 463 p. (Ref. 235) FB-Diseases-93-237 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1990-12-07 00:00:00 1990-12-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ FAO General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=93&StockCode=107 Colocynotrema Disease. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Uchida, R.N. 1981 Synopsis of biological data on frigate tuna, <i>Auxis thazard</i>, and bullet tuna, <i>A. rochei</i>. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS Circular 436. FAO Fish. Synop. No. 12, 463 p. (Ref. 235) FB-Diseases-93-234 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1990-12-07 00:00:00 1990-12-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=93&StockCode=107 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Didymozoon Disease. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Uchida, R.N. 1981 Synopsis of biological data on frigate tuna, <i>Auxis thazard</i>, and bullet tuna, <i>A. rochei</i>. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS Circular 436. FAO Fish. Synop. No. 12, 463 p. (Ref. 235) FB-Diseases-93-231 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1990-12-07 00:00:00 1990-12-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=93&StockCode=107 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Uses Hexostoma auxidi Disease. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Uchida, R.N. 1981 Synopsis of biological data on frigate tuna, <i>Auxis thazard</i>, and bullet tuna, <i>A. rochei</i>. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS Circular 436. FAO Fish. Synop. No. 12, 463 p. (Ref. 235) FB-Diseases-93-236 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1990-12-07 00:00:00 1990-12-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=93&StockCode=107 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Opepherotrema Infestation. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Uchida, R.N. 1981 Synopsis of biological data on frigate tuna, <i>Auxis thazard</i>, and bullet tuna, <i>A. rochei</i>. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS Circular 436. FAO Fish. Synop. No. 12, 463 p. (Ref. 235) FB-Diseases-93-235 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1990-12-07 00:00:00 1990-12-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=93&StockCode=107 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Phacelotrema Disease. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Uchida, R.N. 1981 Synopsis of biological data on frigate tuna, <i>Auxis thazard</i>, and bullet tuna, <i>A. rochei</i>. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS Circular 436. FAO Fish. Synop. No. 12, 463 p. (Ref. 235) FB-Diseases-93-238 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1990-12-07 00:00:00 1990-12-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=93&StockCode=107 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Phyllodistomum Disease. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Uchida, R.N. 1981 Synopsis of biological data on frigate tuna, <i>Auxis thazard</i>, and bullet tuna, <i>A. rochei</i>. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS Circular 436. FAO Fish. Synop. No. 12, 463 p. (Ref. 235) FB-Diseases-93-232 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1990-12-07 00:00:00 1990-12-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ FAO General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=93&StockCode=107 Rhipidocotyle Infestation. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Uchida, R.N. 1981 Synopsis of biological data on frigate tuna, <i>Auxis thazard</i>, and bullet tuna, <i>A. rochei</i>. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS Circular 436. FAO Fish. Synop. No. 12, 463 p. (Ref. 235) FB-Diseases-93-233 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1990-12-07 00:00:00 1990-12-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=93&StockCode=107 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Tergestia Disease. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Uchida, R.N. 1981 Synopsis of biological data on frigate tuna, <i>Auxis thazard</i>, and bullet tuna, <i>A. rochei</i>. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS Circular 436. FAO Fish. Synop. No. 12, 463 p. (Ref. 235) FB-Habitat-93 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2025-10-27 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=93 pelagic-neritic; oceanodromous (Ref. 71039); brackish; marine; depth range 10 - ? m (Ref. 9340) United Nations 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982. United Nations. Retrieved on June 30, 2004, from http://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/UNCLOS-TOC.htm (Ref. 71039) Collette, B.B. 1995 Scombridae. Atunes, bacoretas, bonitos, caballas, estorninos, melva, etc. p. 1521-1543. In W. Fischer, F. Krupp, W. Schneider, C. Sommer, K.E. Carpenter and V. Niem (eds.) Guia FAO para Identification de Especies para lo Fines de la Pesca. Pacifico Centro-Oriental. 3 Vols. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 9340)