FB-7971 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=7971 Animalia Chordata Elasmobranchii Myliobatiformes Rhinopteridae Rhinoptera Rhinoptera javanica Müller & Henle, 1841 Separmahi-e-dopoozeh Flapneus-rog Lakhman Ogaog Paging bungi Pasa-pasa Javanesisk konæserokke Cownose ray Eagle ray Flapnose ray Flapray Javanese cownose ray Javanese cow-nose ray Javanese cowray Rough cownose ray Rough cow-nose ray Rough cowray Jaava härjapearai Kare härjapearai Mourine javanaise Ushibana tobiei Ushibanatobi-ei Wagla ವಾಗ್ಲ  Kaka-thirukay Meithirandi കാക തിരുകെ  കാക്ക തിരുക മെയ് തിരണ്ടി മെയ്തിരണ്ടി  Bolda Wagli बोळदा वागळी Pari ayam Pari burung Pari lang Pari susun Pari-kelawar ekor panjang Pari-kelawar Jawa Buruq Mayla-cadde Taa Kurive-tiriki Kurivi-tiriki Motta-tiriki Mundekanmi thirukai Muthra thirukai Valvadi-thirukkai குருவீ தீருக்கை குருவீ தீருக்கை  குருவி திருக்‍கை முட்டா தீருக்கன மொட்ட தீருக்கை  மொட்ட திருக்‍கை வல்வாடி திருக்‍கை Paging dalimanok Paging palimanok Palimanok Krabane nue-dum Yeeson Скат Cá Ó dơi mõm bò Banugan Hudja maduva Javaanse koeneusrog Palimanok Pari elang Ruwe koeneusrog Valuvadi cownose ray Valuvadi thirukai 叉头燕魟 叉頭燕魟 爪哇牛鼻鱝 爪哇牛鼻鲼 野牛鼻鱝 野牛鼻鲼 Rhinoptera adspersa Müller & Henle, 1841 Rhinoptera hainanica Chu, 1960 Rhinopthera javanica Müller & Henle, 1841 1993-04-26 2023-08-30 Breder, C.M. and D.E. 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Personal communication [Accessed 11/08/2022]. (Ref. 127014) Ferragut-Perello, F., S. Ramirez-Amaro, A.C. Tsikliras, N. Petit-Marty, D. Dimarchopoulou0 Exploitation and conservation status of the thornback ray (<i>Raja clavata</i>) in the Balearic Islands (Western Mediterranean). Fishes 8(2):117. (Ref. 132125) FB-pic-7971-29418 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif FAO 2001-05-02 2019-11-18 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=7971 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Uses http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Rhads_u0.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Rhads_u0.gif FB-pic-7971-49301 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif FAO 2008-08-04 2019-11-18 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=7971 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TrophicStrategy http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Rhads_u1.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Rhads_u1.gif FB-GeneralDescr-7971 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Pascualita Sa-a 1993-04-26 00:00:00 2023-08-30 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=7971 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Found in bays, estuaries, and near coral reefs (Ref. 12951), over sand and mud bottoms (Ref. 9710). Usually solitary or in small aggregations (Ref. 114953). However, large schools with up to 500 individuals have been reported (Ref. 12951). Feeds on clams, oysters and crustaceans (Ref. 12951). Lives to over 2 years in captivity (Ref. 12951). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Edible (Ref. 30573). Caught mainly by gill net fisheries (Ref. 114953), occasionally by bottom trawl, demersal inshore gillnet and tangle net fisheries. Utilized for its meat (Ref. 58048). Last, P.R., W.T. White, M.R. de Carvalho, B. Séret, M.F.W. Stehmann and G.J.P. Naylor 2016 Rays of the world. CSIRO Publishing, Comstock Publishing Associates. i-ix + 1-790. (Ref. 114953) FB-DiagnosticDescr-7971 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Cristina V. Garilao 1996-11-27 00:00:00 2017-11-15 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=7971 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Double-lobed snout and indented forehead; jaws usually with 7 rows of plate-like teeth; no caudal fin (Ref. 5578). Brown above, white below (Ref. 5578). Compagno, L.J.V., D.A. Ebert and M.J. Smale 1989 Guide to the sharks and rays of southern Africa. New Holland (Publ.) Ltd., London. 158 p. (Ref. 5578) FB-Distribution-7971 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Pascualita Sa-a 1993-04-26 00:00:00 2025-11-05 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=7971 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Indo-West Pacific: Oman to the Philippines; north to Ryukyu Is.; south to eastern Indonesia. Last, P.R., W.T. White, M.R. de Carvalho, B. Séret, M.F.W. Stehmann and G.J.P. Naylor 2016 Rays of the world. CSIRO Publishing, Comstock Publishing Associates. i-ix + 1-790. (Ref. 114953) FB-Uses-7971 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Pascualita Sa-a 1993-04-26 00:00:00 2023-08-30 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=7971 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#DiagnosticDescription fisheries: commercial; gamefish: yes Bianchi, G. 1985 FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Field guide to the commercial marine and brackish-water species of Pakistan. Prepared with the support of PAK/77/033 and FAO (FIRM) Regular Programme. Rome: FAO. 200 p. Compagno, L.J.V., D.A. Ebert and M.J. Smale 1989 Guide to the sharks and rays of southern Africa. New Holland (Publ.) Ltd., London. 158 p. (Ref. 5578) Michael, S.W. 1993 Reef sharks and rays of the world. A guide to their identification, behavior, and ecology. Sea Challengers, Monterey, California. 107 p. (Ref. 12951) FB-LifeCycle-7971 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Cristina V. Garilao 1993-04-26 00:00:00 2023-08-30 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=7971&StockCode=8282 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Morphology Males court by nipping the female's dorsum. Mating pair orient in a venter to venter position, and the male inserts one or both claspers. The pair usually rests on the substrate, with the female on top of the male. Mating lasts about 30 seconds (Ref. 12951) to 1 minute (Ref. 49562). Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Size at birth ~60 cm WD. One large pregnant female (~130 cm WD) contained a single late-term embryo 61 cm WD (Ref.58048). Breder, C.M. and D.E. Rosen 1966 Modes of reproduction in fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey. 941 p. (Ref. 205) FB-TrophicStrategy-7971 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Drina Sta. Iglesia 2000-11-27 00:00:00 2023-08-30 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public javanica http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Found in bays, estuaries, and near coral reefs (Ref. 12951), over sand and mud bottoms (Ref. 9710). Large schools with up to 500 individuals have been reported (Ref. 12951). Feeds on clams, oysters and crustaceans. Also in Ref. 9137. Shoaling species. Occurs close to shore in midwater (Ref. 9773). Compagno, L.J.V. 1986 Myliobatidae. p. 132-134. In M.M. Smith and P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. (Ref. 3965) FB-Size-7971 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Pascualita Sa-a 1993-04-26 00:00:00 2023-08-30 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=7971 165 cm WD (male/unsexed; (Ref. 114953)); max. published weight: 4,500 g (Ref. 3965) Last, P.R., W.T. White, M.R. de Carvalho, B. Séret, M.F.W. Stehmann and G.J.P. Naylor 2016 Rays of the world. CSIRO Publishing, Comstock Publishing Associates. i-ix + 1-790. (Ref. 114953) Compagno, L.J.V. 1986 Myliobatidae. p. 132-134. In M.M. Smith and P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. (Ref. 3965) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Habitat-7971 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Pascualita Sa-a 1993-04-26 00:00:00 2023-08-30 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=7971 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats reef-associated; brackish; marine Al-Abdessalaam, T.Z.S. 1995 Marine species of the Sultanate of Oman. Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Sultanate of Oman. 412 p. (Ref. 9773)