FB-748 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=748 Animalia Chordata Elasmobranchii Lamniformes Carchariidae Carcharias Carcharias tricuspidatus Day, 1878 Tawrosz Cação-da-areia Cação-de-areia Cação-galhudo Cação-magonga Cação-mangona Cação-mangonga Cação-manogonga Caçoa Dentudo Magonga Mangona Mangonga Tubarão- Tubarão de areia Tubarão touro Tubarão-amarelo Tubarão-dentudo Tubarão-toiro Spikkel-skeurtandhaai Peshkagen i eger Peshkaqen i eger Peshkaqen i egër Kalb Lkars قِرش ثَور Žralok atlantský Žralok písečný obecný Almindelig sandtigerhaj Grauer Sandhai Sandhai Sandtiger Sandtigerhai Schnauzenhai Blue nurse shark Blue-nurse sand tiger Dogfish shark Gray nurse shark Grey nurse Grey Nurse Shark Greynurse shark Ground shark Nuss shark Ragged tooth shark Sand shark Sand tiger Sand Tiger Sand tiger shark Sand-tiger Sandtiger shark Shovel-nosed shark Slender-tooth shark Spotted raggedtooth Spotted ragged-tooth Spotted raggedtooth shark Spotted ragged-tooth shark Spotted sand tiger shark Harilik liivhai Hietahai Chien de mer Requin Requin des sables Requin sable Requin taureau Requin-taureau Karish khol pari Psina zmijozuba Pisci tauru Squalo toro Shirowani Khonodecha ಖೊನೊದೇಭ Waghir वाघहिर Kelb il-bahar Tawru акула обыкновенная песчаная Morski pas Oxhaj Sandhaj Pamuk balığı Cá Mập Buki getj Meccetu Méthiotou Sàcc Saïtj Sathieu Bacota Pez toro Pintado Sandtiger shark Sarda Tiburón arenero Tiburón arenero tigre Tiburón sarda Tiburón toro Tigre arenero Torito Toro bacota Bokh diurab Carcharias Ehoua Hiu anjing Morski vol Moussodji Salroig de sorra Skylòpsaro Tavrocarcharias Tavrokarcharias Zandtijgerhaai Καρχαρίας Σκυλόψαρο Ταυροκαρχαρίας 后鳍锥齿鲨 大沙 後鰭錐齒鯊 戟齒砂鮫 戟齿砂鲛 欧氏锥齿鲨 歐氏錐齒鯊 沙錐齒鯊 沙锥齿鲨 砂錐齒鯊 砂锥齿鲨 錐齒鯊 锥齿鲨 Carcharhinus taurus (Rafinesque, 1810) Carcharias arenarias Ogilby, 1911 Carcharias arenarius Ogilby, 1911 Carcharias griseus Ayres, 1843 Carcharias littoralis (Lesueur, 1818) Carcharias owstoni Garman, 1913 Carcharias platensis (Lahille, 1928) Carcharias tricuspidatus (non Day, 1878) Charcharias taurus Rafinesque, 1810 Eugomphodus taurus (Rafinesque, 1810) Lamna ecarinata Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1899 Odontaspis americanus (Mitchill, 1815) Odontaspis arenarius (Ogilby, 1911) Odontaspis cinerea Ramsay, 1880 Odontaspis ferox (non Risso, 1810) Odontaspis platensis Lahille, 1928 Odontaspis taurus (Rafinesque, 1810) Squalus americanus Mitchill, 1815 Squalus littoralis Lesueur, 1818 Squalus lixa Larrañaga, 1923 Squalus macrodus Mitchill, 1818 1992-06-15 2008-02-08 Breder, C.M. and D.E. 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Assoc. 23(2):148-181. (Ref. 122316) University of Western Australia0 Benthic BRUVS data 2019. Video BRUVS from Jessica Meeuwig. (Ref. 122752) Tsikliras, A.C. and D. Dimarchopoulou0 Filling in knowledge gaps: Length-weight relations of 46 uncommon sharks and rays (Elasmobranchii) in the Mediterranean Sea. Acta Ichthyol. et Pisc. 51(3):249-255. (Ref. 124786) Fermon, Y., N. Bailly, F. Cardiec, R. Causse, E. Chartrain, L. Chirio, G. De Bruyne, P. Deynat, C.D. Hopkins, A. Lamboj, M.I. Mennesson, J.-H. Mve Beh, D. Paugy, B. Sidlauskas, J.P. Sullivan, J.-P. Van de Weghe, T.R. Vigliotta and Van der Zee0 An annotated checklist of the fishes of Gabon. Cybium 46(2-3):69-317. (Ref. 127434) Marčeta, B. and K. Pliberšek (eds)0 BiosWeb. Biological database of the Fisheries Research Institute of Slovenia. Ljubljana, Fisheries Research Institute of Slovenia, 2014. (www.biosweb.org. updated 13/04/2023). (Ref. 128520) Dicken, M.L., A.J. Booth, M.J. Smale and G. Cliff0 Spatial and seasonal distribution patterns of juvenile and adult raggedtooth sharks (<i>Carcharias taurus</i>) tagged off the east coast of South Africa. Marine and Freshwater Research 58(1):127. (Ref. 129501) IUCN0 The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1964 - onwards. https://www.iucnredlist.org/ (Ref. 130435) Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals-CMS0 Convention on the conservation of migratory species of wild animals (CMS). xxx (Ref. 131118) Ferragut-Perello, F., S. Ramirez-Amaro, A.C. Tsikliras, N. Petit-Marty, D. Dimarchopoulou0 Exploitation and conservation status of the thornback ray (<i>Raja clavata</i>) in the Balearic Islands (Western Mediterranean). Fishes 8(2):117. (Ref. 132125) Krajangdara, T.0 New record of cartilaginous fishes found in Thai waters and the adjacent areas and an updated species list in 2019. Burapha Science Journal 24(2):599-621. (Ref. 132299) Menezes, G.M., O. Tariche, M.R. Pinho, P.N. Duarte, A. Fernandes and M.A. Aboim0 Annotated list of fishes caught by the R/V ARQUIPÉLAGO off the Cape Verde archipelago. Life and Marine Sciences 21A:57-71. (Ref. 137990) FB-pic-747-3852 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif FAO 1995-05-18 1998-12-14 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=747 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#LifeCycle http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Catau_u1.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Catau_u1.gif FB-pic-747-10434 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif Robbie N. Cada 1993-07-01 2008-06-25 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Image can be freely copied and altered, as long as original author and source are properly acknowledged. WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=747 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TrophicStrategy http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Catau_u0.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Catau_u0.gif FB-GeneralDescr-747 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Kent E. Carpenter 1992-06-15 00:00:00 2024-01-22 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=747 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size A common littoral shark found inshore from the surf zone and in shallow bays to at least 191 m on the outer continental shelves (Ref. 13568). Often on or near the bottom but also occurs in midwater or at the surface (Ref. 247). Only shark known to gulp and store air in its stomach to maintain neutral buoyancy while swimming (Ref. 13568). Found singly or in small to large schools (Ref. 247). Feeds on bony fishes, small sharks, rays, squids, crabs, and lobsters (Ref. 5578). Ovoviviparous, embryos feeding on yolk sac and other ova produced by the mother as well as other siblings in the womb (uterine cannibalism) (Ref. 50449). Usually gives birth to 2 pups after a 9-12 months gestation period (Ref.58048). A migratory species in parts of its range, particularly in its northern and southern extremities where pronounced poleward migration occur in the summer and equatorial movements in autumn and winter (Ref. 247). Usually inoffensive and not aggressive when not provoked (Ref. 247) but has known to bite swimmers and be aggressive towards divers with speared fish (Ref. 6586). Utilized for fresh, frozen, smoked and dried for human consumption (Ref. 247); also for fishmeal, liver oil, fins, and hides for leather (Ref. 13568). Flesh highly appreciated in Japan (Ref. 36731). Last, P.R. and J.D. Stevens 1994 Sharks and rays of Australia. CSIRO, Australia. 513 p. (Ref. 6871) FB-DiagnosticDescr-747 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Cristina V. Garilao 1996-11-21 00:00:00 2017-11-15 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=747 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats A shark with a short, pointed snout, small eyes, protruding spike-like teeth and small, equal-sized dorsal and anal fins; 1st dorsal fin closer to pelvic than to pectoral fins (Ref. 5578). Caudal fin with a pronounced subterminal notch and a short ventral lobe (Ref. 13575). Pale brown or grey, paler below, with dark spots that appear faded in adults; fins plain (Ref. 6586). Bass, A.J. and L.J.V. Compagno 1986 Odontaspididae. p. 104-105. In M.M. Smith and P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. (Ref. 6586) FB-Morphology-747 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Cristina V. Garilao 1996-11-21 00:00:00 2017-11-15 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=747 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Dorsal spines (total): 0; Dorsal soft rays (total): 0; Analspines: 0; Analsoft rays: 0 Bass, A.J. and L.J.V. Compagno 1986 Odontaspididae. p. 104-105. In M.M. Smith and P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. (Ref. 6586) FB-Distribution-747 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2025-11-04 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=747 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Circumtropical: Except perhaps the eastern Pacific (Ref. 13568). Indo-West Pacific: Red Sea and off the coasts of South Africa to Japan, Korea and Australia (Ref. 13568). Present in Arafura Sea (Ref. 9819). Western Atlantic: Gulf of Maine to Argentina. Old record from Bermuda, south Brazil (Ref. 26938). Eastern Atlantic: Mediterranean to Cameroon. Northwest Atlantic: Canada (Ref. 5951). Compagno, L.J.V. 1984 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 1 - Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(4/1):1-249. Rome, FAO. (Ref. 247) FB-Uses-747 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Kent E. Carpenter 1992-06-15 00:00:00 2024-01-22 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=747 fisheries: commercial; gamefish: yes Compagno, L.J.V. 1984 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 1 - Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(4/1):1-249. Rome, FAO. (Ref. 247) International Game Fish Association 1991 World record game fishes. International Game Fish Association, Florida, USA. (Ref. 4699) FB-Migration-747 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Kent E. Carpenter 1992-06-15 00:00:00 2024-01-22 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=747 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#LifeCycle Oceanodromous. Migrating within oceans typically between spawning and different feeding areas, as tunas do. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km. Riede, K. 2004 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p. (Ref. 51243) FB-LifeCycle-747 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1992-06-15 00:00:00 2024-01-22 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=747&StockCode=763 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TrophicStrategy Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding on other ova produced by the mother (oophagy) after the yolk sac is absorbed, then cannibalize siblings (adelphophagy) (Ref. 50449). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205). Eggs leave the ovaries, and while in transit in the oviducts are fertilized and enclosed in groups of 16 to 23 in egg cases. However, at some time between fertilization and birth only two (Ref. 5578, 6586) embryos of its group prevails, possibly by devouring its rivals, and proceeds to eat fertilized eggs and smaller potential siblings in utero until birth. According to Springer (1948) (Ref. 39565), it is evident that this species sends forth into the world not only large, well-developed, and even experienced young but may send them forth with a full stomach. The yolk sac is resorbed at a small size, less than 17 cm, and the umbilical scar may be lost. Gestation period may be from 8 to 9 months long. Size at birth 100 cm (Ref. 6586).Pratt (2001) (Ref. 49562) relates Gordon's (1993) (Ref. 51113) detailed account of the mating behavior of the sand tiger sharks as follows: "mating activities began when the two male C. taurus, having become reluctant to feed, increased their swimming speed, accompanied by clasper flexion and eventual interest in their female tank mates...aggressive displays such as snapping and stalking became frequent, mostly toward species of smaller Carcharhinus in the tank. The males did not become interested in the female until she slowed, moved to the sand area and started cupping her pelvic fins. The two males then became competitive toward each other, circling and tailing, until the alpha male forced the beta male out of the sand area. The female bit the male prior to copulation. She exhibited shielding behavior for several days and then resumed cupping and flaring. The female gradually changed her swimming position and began displaying the submissive behavior. The alpha male swam in increasingly larger circles and began splaying its claspers, then approached the female and exhibited tailing and nosing. Copulation occurred as the male bit into the right flank and trailing edge of the pectoral fin of the female. The male swam side by side with the female, copulating with the right clasper for one to two minutes. After copulation, the male showed little interest in the female." In captivity, males show aggression toward other species after copulation (Ref. 51113, 49562). Females avoid patrolling males by 'shielding' with pelvics close to the substrate (Ref. 51113, 49562). However, female acceptance of future male partner is indicated by a show of 'submissive' body, 'cupping' and 'flaring' of pelvic fins (Ref. 51113, 49562). Compagno, L.J.V. 1984 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 1 - Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(4/1):1-249. Rome, FAO. (Ref. 247) FB-TrophicStrategy-747 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Pascualita Sa-a 1997-03-25 00:00:00 2008-02-19 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public taurus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size A carnivore (Ref. 9137). van der Elst, R.P. and F. Adkin (eds.) 1991 Marine linefish: priority species and research objectives in southern Africa. Oceanogr. Res. Inst., Spec. Publ. No.1. 132 p. (Ref. 4332) FB-Size-747 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Kent E. Carpenter 1992-06-15 00:00:00 2024-01-22 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=747 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats 330 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 27549)); max. published weight: 158.8 kg (Ref. 40637) Murdy, E.O., R.S. Birdsong and J.A. Musick 1997 Fishes of Chesapeake Bay. Smithsonian Institution Press Washington and London. 324 p. (Ref. 27549) IGFA 2001 Database of IGFA angling records until 2001. IGFA, Fort Lauderdale, USA. (Ref. 40637) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Habitat-747 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1992-06-15 00:00:00 2024-01-22 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=747 reef-associated; oceanodromous (Ref. 51243); marine; depth range 1 - 191 m (Ref. 247), usually 15 - 25 m (Ref. 43278) Riede, K. 2004 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p. (Ref. 51243) Compagno, L.J.V. 1984 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 1 - Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(4/1):1-249. Rome, FAO. (Ref. 247) Compagno, L.J.V. 2001 Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Vol. 2. Bullhead, mackerel and carpet sharks (Heterodontiformes, Lamniformes and Orectolobiformes). FAO Spec. Cat. Fish. Purp. 1(2):269 p. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 43278)