FB-6661 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6661 Animalia Chordata Teleostei Perciformes/Serranoidei Epinephelidae Epinephelus Epinephelus macrospilos (Bleeker, 1855) Grootkol-klipkabeljou لُؤز أنف خانس Bigspot rockcod Coral cod Grouper Large-spotted rockcod Reef cod Seabass Snubnose grouper Snubnose rock cod Snubnose rockcod kawakawa Mérou tapis Risdael Vieille chat Lokos Kibirehata Momo Kerapu Kerapu polygon Lapu-lapu Lapu lapu Mero alfombrado Bulang Iuliuloa Kurapu Kusele Lapu-lapu Maccabit Mwananuya Phola-xedok Tonu Vieille voleuse 大斑石斑魚 大斑石斑鱼 Ephinephelus macrospilus (Bleeker, 1855) Epinephelus faveatus (non Valenciennes, 1828) Epinephelus macrospilus (Bleeker, 1855) Epinephelus megachir (non Richardson, 1846) Epinephelus microspilus (Bleeker, 1855) Epinephelus quoyanus (non Valenciennes, 1830) Serranus cylindricus Günther, 1859 Serranus macrospilos Bleeker, 1855 1992-12-02 2013-10-16 Coppola, S.R., W. Fischer, L. Garibaldi, N. Scialabba and K.E. 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(Ref. 137577) FB-pic-6661-5802 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif FAO 1995-09-23 1996-04-19 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6661 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Uses http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Epmac_u0.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Epmac_u0.gif FB-pic-6661-6760 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif FAO 1995-12-27 1996-04-19 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6661 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Epmac_j0.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Epmac_j0.gif FB-pic-6661-9561 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg John E. Randall 1996-03-03 2010-10-06 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6661 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Epmac_u2.jpg http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/jpg/tn_Epmac_u2.jpg FB-pic-6661-9562 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg John E. Randall 1996-03-03 2001-07-31 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6661 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Epmac_u3.jpg http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/jpg/tn_Epmac_u3.jpg Locality: Sodwana Bay, Natal, South Africa. FB-pic-6661-9563 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg John E. Randall 1996-03-03 2010-10-06 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged FAO General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6661 http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Epmac_u4.jpg http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/jpg/tn_Epmac_u4.jpg FB-GeneralDescr-6661 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Estelita Emily Capuli 1992-12-02 00:00:00 2013-10-16 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6661 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#DiagnosticDescription Found in lagoon and seaward reefs (Ref. 9710) to a depth of at least 44 m; including outer reef slopes. More abundant on oceanic reefs and rare on coastal reefs (Ref. 89707). Feeds on crustaceans (mainly crabs), fishes, octopi, and squid. Solitary (Ref 90102). Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall 1993 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222) FB-DiagnosticDescr-6661 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rodolfo B. Reyes 1994-06-13 00:00:00 2013-10-16 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6661 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Morphology Head profile angular; body less compressed and spots more closely spaced than E. corallicola and E. howlandi (Ref. 37816). Body and median fins with large dark blotches, largest towards the tail (Ref. 48635); further characterized by pale greyish color; head, body and fins with well-spaced dark brown to orange brown spots of unequal size; soft dorsal, anal and caudal fins with narrow white to yellow margin; lower part of head and breast with white blotches; 3-4 black blotches along back; body scales cycloid except ctenoid on lower region below pectoral fins; body with numerous auxiliary scales; greatest depth of body 2.9-3.6 in SL; rounded caudal fin; pelvic fins 1.8-2.4 in head length (Ref. 90102); head length 2.3-2.6 times in SL; flat or slightly concave interorbital area, dorsal head profile of adults with ventral bend at orbits; rounded preopercle, minute serrae mostly covered by skin and shallow indentation just above the angle; straight or slightly convex upper edge of operculum posterior nostril distinctly larger than anterior nostril; maxilla reaches to or past vertical at rear edge of orbit, ventral edge smoothly curved at distal expansion; strongly projecting lower jaw, 2-4 rows of teeth at midlateral part (Ref. 89707). Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall 1993 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222) FB-Morphology-6661 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rodolfo B. Reyes 1994-06-13 00:00:00 2013-10-16 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6661 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Dorsal spines (total): 11; Dorsal soft rays (total): 15 - 17; Analspines: 3; Analsoft rays: 8 Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall 1993 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222) FB-Distribution-6661 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Estelita Emily Capuli 1992-12-02 00:00:00 2013-03-08 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6661 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Uses Indo-Pacific: Kenya south to Natal, South Africa and east to the central Pacific. Unknown from the Red Sea, Persian Gulf, and Hawaii. Recorded from Europa Island (MNHN 1992-0498, Ref. 33390). Often confused with Epinephelus quoyanus, Epinephelus faveatus, Epinephelus corallicola, and Epinephelus howlandi. Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall 1993 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222) FB-Uses-6661 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Estelita Emily Capuli 1992-12-02 00:00:00 2013-10-16 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6661 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TrophicStrategy fisheries: commercial Coppola, S.R., W. Fischer, L. Garibaldi, N. Scialabba and K.E. Carpenter 1994 SPECIESDAB: Global species database for fishery purposes. User's manual. FAO Computerized Information Series (Fisheries). No. 9. Rome, FAO. 103 p. (Ref. 171) FB-TrophicStrategy-6661 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Pascualita Sa-a 1997-03-25 00:00:00 2008-11-19 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public macrospilos http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Found in lagoon and seaward reefs (Ref. 9710) to a depth of at least 44 m. Feeds on crustaceans (mainly crabs), fishes, octopi, and squid (Ref. 5222). Hiatt, R.W. and D.W. Strasburg 1960 Ecological relationships of the fish fauna on coral reefs of the Marshall Islands. Ecol. Monogr. 30(1):65-127. (Ref. 275) FB-Size-6661 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Estelita Emily Capuli 1992-12-02 00:00:00 2013-10-16 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6661 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats 51.0 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 4787)); max. published weight: 2,000 g (Ref. 5222) Randall, J.E. and P.C. Heemstra 1991 Revision of Indo-Pacific groupers (Perciformes: Serranidae: Epinephelinae), with descriptions of five new species. Indo-Pac. Fish. (20):332 p. (Ref. 4787) Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall 1993 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Habitat-6661 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Estelita Emily Capuli 1992-12-02 00:00:00 2013-10-16 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ Robbie N. Cada General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6661 reef-associated; marine; depth range 3 - 44 m (Ref. 90102) Allen, G.R. and M.V. Erdmann 2012 Reef fishes of the East Indies. Perth, Australia: Universitiy of Hawai'i Press, Volumes I-III. Tropical Reef Research. (Ref. 90102)