FB-6473 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6473 Animalia Chordata Teleostei Perciformes/Serranoidei Epinephelidae Epinephelus Epinephelus polyphekadion (Bleeker, 1849) Keksau Ksau'temekai Temekai Garoupa mascarada Maskering-klipkabeljou Hamoor Kushar لُؤز تَسَتُّر Baraka Inid Kigting Kugtung Zackenbarsch Blue-tailed cod Camouflage cod Camouflage groper Camouflage grouper Camouflage rockcod Flowery grouper Grouper Marbled grouper Marble grouper Marbled cod Rock cod Smalltooth grouper Small-toothed cod Small-toothed rockcod Small-toother cod Smooth flowery rock-cod Snout-spot grouper Snout-spot rock-cod Snout-spots rock cod qenuku Loche crasseuse Loche marbrée Mérou camouflage Mérou camouglage Merou marbré Lokos Madarahata Ilino Kiro Kerapu Kerapu samaran Gatala-aloalo Gatala-nifoli'i 'Atara Hapuu Alatan Kaltang Kulapo Lapu-lapu Lapu-lapung lupot Lubo Sigapo Ca song Mero disfrazado Abo-abo Apuku Apukupuku Bantol Bato-bato Batol Fapuku Hapuku Iner Jahong Kakab Kerapu Kiapu ngaluhu Kiapu tiger Kuli patu Kugtong Kula faana Kurapo Labungan Lapu-lapu Lilug Maleog Mamonbong Maskad Matkad Mwananuya Ngatala Ogaw Okke P'tit lapin Pugapo Pugayo Salingukod Saukoton Sibog Subla Tabadlo Tangk-an Tarao Ting-ad Tingag 小牙石斑魚 小牙石斑鱼 杉斑 清水石斑魚 清水石斑鱼 Epinephelus dispar (Playfair, 1867) Epinephelus goldmani (Bleeker, 1855) Epinephelus microdon (Bleeker, 1856) Epinephelus polyhekadion (Bleeker, 1849) Epinephelus polyphekaidon (Bleeker, 1849) Serranus dispar Playfair, 1867 Serranus dispar var. b Playfair, 1867 Serranus goldmanni Bleeker, 1855 Serranus microdon Bleeker, 1856 Serranus polyphekadion Bleeker, 1849 1992-10-16 2023-06-13 Coppola, S.R., W. 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Ecology 103(e3829):1-2. (Ref. 137577) FB-pic-6473-2264 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg John E. Randall 1995-01-06 2018-11-10 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6473 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Morphology http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Eppol_u0.jpg http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/jpg/tn_Eppol_u0.jpg FB-pic-6473-2770 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg John E. Randall 1995-01-27 1997-03-06 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6473 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution N. Horn; aggression Locality: Osprey, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Eppol_u2.jpg http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/jpg/tn_Eppol_u2.jpg Locality: Osprey, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. FB-pic-6473-7648 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg John E. Randall 1996-02-01 2000-09-22 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6473 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Uses N. Horn; aggression Locality: Osprey, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Eppol_u5.jpg http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/jpg/tn_Eppol_u5.jpg Locality: Osprey, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. FB-pic-6473-9597 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg John E. Randall 1996-03-03 2000-11-09 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6473 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TrophicStrategy http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Eppol_u8.jpg http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/jpg/tn_Eppol_u8.jpg FB-pic-6473-9598 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg John E. Randall 1996-03-03 2000-11-09 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6473 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Eppol_u9.jpg http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/jpg/tn_Eppol_u9.jpg Locality: Nuweiba, Gulf of Aqaba, Egypt. FB-pic-6473-9599 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg John E. Randall 1996-03-03 2000-11-25 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6473 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats 3.8 lbs. Locality: Sanganeb Atoll, Red Sea, Sudan (North). http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Eppol_ua.jpg http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/jpg/tn_Eppol_ua.jpg Locality: Sanganeb Atoll, Red Sea, Sudan (North). FB-pic-6473-10709 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif FAO 1996-03-31 1996-05-23 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6473 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Eppol_u1.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Eppol_u1.gif FB-GeneralDescr-6473 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Estelita Emily Capuli 1992-10-16 00:00:00 2023-06-13 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ FAO General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6473 Often found in coral-rich areas of lagoon and outer reefs; in caves and large crevices to swim through (Ref. 48635). Most abundant around islands, particularly atolls. Usually in small schools but may be solitary (Ref 90102). Feeds mainly on crustaceans (portunid crabs) and fishes, sometimes on cephalopods and gastropods. In the Hong Kong live fish markets (Ref. 27253). This species is important in artisanal fisheries, but occasionally implicated in cases of ciguatera (frequently ciguatoxic in the Marshall Is., Ref. 37816). It is now uncommon at localities with heavy spearfishing, but popular in the aquaculture industry of Singapore, where it is known as 'marble grouper'. It is caught with hook-and-line, spear, and traps (Ref. 39231). Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall 1993 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222) FB-DiagnosticDescr-6473 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rodolfo B. Reyes 1994-06-13 00:00:00 2019-02-26 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ FAO General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6473 This species is distinguished by the following characters: body depth 2.7-3.1 in SL; preopercle rounded, finely serrate; upper edge of operculum distinctly convex; rear nostril diameter about twice that of anterior nostril; gill rakers of first gill arch 8-10 + 15-1= 24-27; dorsal-fin spines third or fourth longest, 2.7-3.3 in HL and distinctly shorter than longest dorsal-fin ray; 2-3 rows of teeth on midlateral part of lower jaw; front of jaws with inconspicuous fixed canines; body scales ctenoid in broad zone on side from beneath pectoral fin to caudal peduncle, the rest cycloid; caudal fin rounded; pectoral-fin rays 16-18, fin length 1.7-2.1 in HL; short pelvic fins, 1.9-2.4 in HL; lateral-line scales 47-52, in series 95-110. Colour of head, body, and fins pale brown, covered with small dark brown spots; upper half whitish, head and body with irregular dark blotches (more distinct on live specimens) superimposed over the dark spots; prominent black saddle blotch on caudal peduncle; dark spots extend all over head, including lower jaw, lips, branchiostegal membranes, gular area, and inside of mouth; numerous small white spots on fins (more distinct on live fish). a few on head and body; juveniles with a pair of blackish spots on each side of snout and a black spot at margin of second and third interspinous dorsal membranes (Ref. 39231, 89707, 90102). Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall 1999 Serranidae. p. 2442-2547. In K.E. Carpenter and V.H. Niem (eds.) FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Vol. 4. Bony fishes part 2 (Mugilidae to Carangidae). Rome, FAO. 2069-2790 p. (Ref. 39231) FB-Morphology-6473 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rodolfo B. Reyes 1994-06-13 00:00:00 2019-02-26 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6473 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#DiagnosticDescription Dorsal spines (total): 11; Dorsal soft rays (total): 14 - 15; Analspines: 3; Analsoft rays: 8 Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall 1999 Serranidae. p. 2442-2547. In K.E. Carpenter and V.H. Niem (eds.) FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Vol. 4. Bony fishes part 2 (Mugilidae to Carangidae). Rome, FAO. 2069-2790 p. (Ref. 39231) FB-Distribution-6473 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Estelita Emily Capuli 1992-10-16 00:00:00 2019-02-04 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6473 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Morphology Indo-Pacific: Red Sea and east coast of Africa to French Polynesia. In the western Pacific it ranges from southern Japan to southern Queensland and Lord Howe Island. Often confused with Epinephelus fuscoguttatus. Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall 1993 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222) FB-Uses-6473 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Estelita Emily Capuli 1992-10-16 00:00:00 2023-06-13 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6473 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution fisheries: commercial; aquaculture: experimental Coppola, S.R., W. Fischer, L. Garibaldi, N. Scialabba and K.E. Carpenter 1994 SPECIESDAB: Global species database for fishery purposes. User's manual. FAO Computerized Information Series (Fisheries). No. 9. Rome, FAO. 103 p. (Ref. 171) FB-Migration-6473 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Estelita Emily Capuli 1992-10-16 00:00:00 2023-06-13 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6473 Oceanodromous. Migrating within oceans typically between spawning and different feeding areas, as tunas do. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km. Riede, K. 2004 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p. (Ref. 51243) FB-TrophicStrategy-6473 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1993-06-23 00:00:00 2018-05-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public polyphekadion http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TrophicStrategy Often found in coral-rich areas of lagoon and outer reefs; in caves and large crevices to swim through (Ref. 48635). Most abundant around islands, particularly atolls. Usually in small schools or solitary (Ref 90102).. Feeds mainly on crustaceans (portunid crabs) fishes, sometimes on cephalopods and gastropods, and other benthic invertebrates (Ref. 5222). Randall, J.E. and P.C. Heemstra 1991 Revision of Indo-Pacific groupers (Perciformes: Serranidae: Epinephelinae), with descriptions of five new species. Indo-Pac. Fish. (20):332 p. (Ref. 4787) FB-Size-6473 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Estelita Emily Capuli 1992-10-16 00:00:00 2023-06-13 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6473 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size 90.0 cm SL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 4319)) Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall 1986 Serranidae. p. 509-537. In M.M. Smith and P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. (Ref. 4319) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Diseases-6473-1232 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2004-04-15 00:00:00 2004-04-15 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=6473&StockCode=6795 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Fish Leech Infestation (Hirudinea sp.). Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Koesharyani, I., D. Roza, K. Mahardika, F. Johnny, [N.] Zafran and K. Yuasa 2001 Manual for fish disease diagnosis: Marine fish and crustacean diseases in Indonesia. Gondol Research Station for Coastal Fisheries, Central Research Institute for Fisheries, Agency for Agricultural Research and Development and Japan International Cooperation Agency, Indonesia. 57 p. (Ref. 48690) FB-Habitat-6473 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Estelita Emily Capuli 1992-10-16 00:00:00 2023-06-13 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ FAO General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6473 reef-associated; oceanodromous (Ref. 51243); marine; depth range 0 - 50 m (Ref. 128797) Riede, K. 2004 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p. (Ref. 51243) Coleman, R., J.M. Copus, D.M. Coffey, R.K. Whitton and B.W. Bowen 2018 Shifting reef fish assemblages along a depth gradient in Pohnpei, Micronesia. PeerJ, 6: e4650. (Ref. 128797)