FB-6381 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6381 Animalia Chordata Elasmobranchii Myliobatiformes Dasyatidae Bathytoshia Bathytoshia brevicaudata (Hutton, 1875) Pilrokke Pilskate Uge cauda-curta Kortstert-pylstert Trnucha Matsubara Pigrokke Pilrokke Peitschenrochen Stechrochen Cow stingray Giant black ray Giant stingray New Zealand short-tail stingaree Pitted stingray Schreiners ray Shorttail black stingray Shorttail stingray Short-tail stingray Short-tailed black ray Short-tailed stingaree Short-tailed stingray Smooth short-tailed stingray Smooth stingray Stingray Lühisaba-astelrai Matsubara astelrai Veis-astelrai Isokeihäsrausku Pastinaca Trigono Hoshi-ei Ushi-ei 흑가오리 Oru Paakaurua Roha Whai Whai repo Siba zutulja Volina Stingrocka Ignelivatoz Pastinaca Gladde pijlstaartrog Koepijlstaartrog Pokdalige pijlstaartrog Sálahi trygéna Trigóna 尤氏魟 松原魟 牛土魟 短尾魟 Dasyatis brevicaudata (Hutton, 1875) Dasyatis brevicaudatus (Hutton, 1875) Dasyatis matsubarai Miyosi, 1939 Dasyatis schreineri (Gilchrist, 1913) Trygon brevicaudata Hutton, 1875 Trygon schreineri Gilchrist, 1913 Trygon thalassia (non Müller & Henle, 1841) Urolophoides matsubarai (Miyosi, 1939) 1992-09-12 2024-01-25 Breder, C.M. and D.E. Rosen0 Modes of reproduction in fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey. 941 p. (Ref. 205) Masuda, H., K. Amaoka, C. Araga, T. Uyeno and T. Yoshino0 The fishes of the Japanese Archipelago. Vol. 1. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, Japan. 437 p. (text). (Ref. 559) Compagno, L.J.V.0 Dasyatidae. p. 135-142. In M.M. Smith and P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. (Ref. 3263) Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development0 Multilingual dictionary of fish and fish products. Fishing News Books, Oxford. (Ref. 3383) Hureau, J.-C.0 La base de données GICIM: Gestion informatisée des collections ichthyologiques du Muséum. p. 225-227. In Atlas Préliminaire des Poissons d'Eau Douce de France. Conseil Supérieur de la Pêche, Ministère de l'Environnement, CEMAGREF et Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris. (Ref. 4517) Halstead, B.W., P.S. Auerbach and D.R. Campbell0 A colour atlas of dangerous marine animals. Wolfe Medical Publications Ltd, W.S. Cowell Ltd, Ipswich, England. 192 p. (Ref. 4690) Halstead, B.W.0 Dangerous marine animals. Cornell Maritime Press, Inc., Maryland, U.S.A. (Ref. 4716) Fischer, W., I. Sousa, C. Silva, A. de Freitas, J.M. Poutiers, W. Schneider, T.C. Borges, J.P. Feral and A. Massinga0 Fichas FAO de identificaçao de espécies para actividades de pesca. Guia de campo das espécies comerciais marinhas e de águas salobras de Moçambique. Publicaçao preparada em collaboraçao com o Instituto de Investigaçao Pesquiera de Moçambique, com financiamento do Projecto PNUD/FAO MOZ/86/030 e de NORAD. Roma, FAO. 1990. 424 p. (Ref. 5213) Compagno, L.J.V., D.A. Ebert and M.J. Smale0 Guide to the sharks and rays of southern Africa. New Holland (Publ.) Ltd., London. 158 p. (Ref. 5578) Paulin, C., A. Stewart, C. Roberts and P. McMillan0 New Zealand fish: a complete guide. National Museum of New Zealand Miscellaneous Series No. 19. 279 p. (Ref. 5755) Kotlyar, A.N.0 Dictionary of names of marine fishes on the six languages. 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(Ref. 114953) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en (accessed 08/06/2017). (Ref. 115257) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from htttps://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en [accessed May, 2018] (Ref. 118272) Tsuboi, M., W. van der Bijl, B.T. Kopperud, J. Erritzoe, K.L. Voje, A. Kotrschal, K.E. Yopak, S.P. Collin, A.N. Iwaniuk and N. Kolm0 Breakdown of brain-body allometry and the encephalization of birds and mammals. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 2:1495-1500. (Ref. 118717) University of Western Australia0 Pelagic BRUVS data 2019. Video BRUVS from Jessica Meeuwig. (Ref. 121799) University of Western Australia0 Benthic BRUVS data 2019. Video BRUVS from Jessica Meeuwig. (Ref. 122752) Vaughan, D.B. and L.A. Chisholm0 <i>Heterocotyle tokoloshei</i> sp. nov. (Monogenea, Monocotylidae) from the gills of <i>Dasyatis brevicaudata</i> (Dasyatidae) kept in captivity at two oceans Aquarium, Cape Town, South Africa: Description and notes on treatment. Acta Parasitologica 55(2):108-114. (Ref. 124053) Pini‐Fitzsimmons, J., V. Raoult, T. Gaston, N.A. Knott and C. Brown0 Diving into the diet of provisioned smooth stingrays using stable isotope analysis. Journal of Fish Biology 2023:1-13. (Ref. 128565) Meerwasser-Lexikon Team0 <i>Bathytoshia brevicauda</i>. Meerwasser-Lexikon.de (accessed 25/01/2024). (Ref. 130650) Ferragut-Perello, F., S. Ramirez-Amaro, A.C. Tsikliras, N. Petit-Marty, D. Dimarchopoulou0 Exploitation and conservation status of the thornback ray (<i>Raja clavata</i>) in the Balearic Islands (Western Mediterranean). Fishes 8(2):117. (Ref. 132125) FB-pic-6381-29398 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif FAO 2001-05-02 2001-06-09 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6381 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Dabre_u2.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Dabre_u2.gif FB-GeneralDescr-6381 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Armi G. Torres 1992-09-12 00:00:00 2024-01-25 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6381 Occurs offshore, on the outer shelf and uppermost slope; sometimes close inshore (Ref. 5578), in very shallow ( 0 m) depths (Ref. 26346). Found on sandy bottoms, in bays, harbors, and near rocky reefs (Ref. 12951). Often in aggregations (Ref. 12951). Feeds on fishes, bivalves, squid, and crustaceans (Ref. 12951). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Reputed to be the largest stingray in the world weighing more than 350,000 g (Ref. 6871). Frequently raises its tail in a scorpion-like fashion when approached, but is considered more as inquisitive rather than aggressive (Ref. 6871). The barbed tail however can inflict a severe or potentially fatal wound (Ref. 6871). Sometimes caught by anglers (Ref. 5578). It is parasitised by the monogenean Heterocotyle tokoloshei in the gills (Ref. 124053) Last, P.R., W.T. White, M.R. de Carvalho, B. Séret, M.F.W. Stehmann and G.J.P. Naylor 2016 Rays of the world. CSIRO Publishing, Comstock Publishing Associates. i-ix + 1-790. (Ref. 114953) FB-DiagnosticDescr-6381 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Estelita Emily Capuli 1996-11-28 00:00:00 2019-12-13 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6381 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size This species is huge, plain-coloured, with a disc broad and rhombic, belly with transverse groove, tail short tapering strongly before caudal sting, thorns when present are confined to tail before sting, pectoral fin with an oblique rows of white spots dorsally; disc width ca. 1.1-1.2 times its length, very thick trunk; narrowly-rounded pectoral-fin apex; short snout, obtuse with tip barely extended and anterior margins weakly convex; small eyes with orbit length and spiracle 2.0-2.2 in snout length; broad interorbital space, up to 4 times orbit length in adults; mouth often with 5-7 oral papillae, deep labial furrows, weakly convex lower jaw; very broadly skirt-shaped nasal curtain, its margin fringed; oblique oval nostrils; smooth skin, no derml denticles, with specimens > 45 cm WD having a row of spear-shaped or starry-based thorns and tubercles on mid-line of tail before the caudal sting and the tail beyond this is covered with sharp thornlets; very broad tail depressed at the base, often shorter that width disc, often with one caudal sting, its ventral fold is short but prominent (extending to just beyond tip of sting), its dorsal fold reduced to a hard ridge; pelvic fins are rather small with narrowly-rounded apices. Colour of upper surface uniformly greyish brown and darkest on tail tip and above the eye; white inside of spiracles, pores around side of head and diagonal row of pores on each side of anterior disc; white ventrally; disc margin and undersurface of tail dusky (Ref. 114953). Last, P.R., W.T. White, M.R. de Carvalho, B. Séret, M.F.W. Stehmann and G.J.P. Naylor 2016 Rays of the world. CSIRO Publishing, Comstock Publishing Associates. i-ix + 1-790. (Ref. 114953) FB-Morphology-6381 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Estelita Emily Capuli 1996-11-28 00:00:00 2019-12-13 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6381 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Dorsal spines (total): 0; Dorsal soft rays (total): 0 Last, P.R., W.T. White, M.R. de Carvalho, B. Séret, M.F.W. Stehmann and G.J.P. Naylor 2016 Rays of the world. CSIRO Publishing, Comstock Publishing Associates. i-ix + 1-790. (Ref. 114953) FB-Distribution-6381 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Armi G. Torres 1992-09-12 00:00:00 2024-01-25 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6381 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Indo-West Pacific: antitropical; from southern Africa to New Zealand, and off Japan and Peter the Great Bay (eastern Russia). Last, P.R., W.T. White, M.R. de Carvalho, B. Séret, M.F.W. Stehmann and G.J.P. Naylor 2016 Rays of the world. CSIRO Publishing, Comstock Publishing Associates. i-ix + 1-790. (Ref. 114953) FB-Uses-6381 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Armi G. Torres 1992-09-12 00:00:00 2024-01-25 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6381 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution fisheries: commercial; gamefish: yes; aquarium: public aquariums Vaughan, D.B. and L.A. Chisholm 2010 <i>Heterocotyle tokoloshei</i> sp. nov. (Monogenea, Monocotylidae) from the gills of <i>Dasyatis brevicaudata</i> (Dasyatidae) kept in captivity at two oceans Aquarium, Cape Town, South Africa: Description and notes on treatment. Acta Parasitologica 55(2):108-114. (Ref. 124053) Compagno, L.J.V., D.A. Ebert and M.J. Smale 1989 Guide to the sharks and rays of southern Africa. New Holland (Publ.) Ltd., London. 158 p. (Ref. 5578) Vaughan, D.B. and L.A. Chisholm 2010 <i>Heterocotyle tokoloshei</i> sp. nov. (Monogenea, Monocotylidae) from the gills of <i>Dasyatis brevicaudata</i> (Dasyatidae) kept in captivity at two oceans Aquarium, Cape Town, South Africa: Description and notes on treatment. Acta Parasitologica 55(2):108-114. (Ref. 124053) FB-LifeCycle-6381 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Cristina V. Garilao 1992-09-12 00:00:00 2024-01-25 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=6381&StockCode=6702 Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205). During courtship, the male will hold onto the pectoral margin of a female (sometimes for hours) as she swims through the water. The male flips under the female and inserts a clasper. The male beats his tail from side to side to move the clasper backward and forward in the cloca. Copulation lasts 3-5 minutes. Males have been observed to nudge the female's abdomen during parturition. Viviparous, young born at about 36 cm WD (Ref. 6871). Breder, C.M. and D.E. Rosen 1966 Modes of reproduction in fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey. 941 p. (Ref. 205) FB-TrophicStrategy-6381 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Drina Sta. Iglesia 2000-11-17 00:00:00 2008-08-04 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public brevicaudata http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TrophicStrategy Occurs offshore, on the outer shelf and uppermost slope; sometimes close inshore (Ref. 5578). Found on sandy bottoms, in bays, harbors, and near rocky reefs(Ref. 12951). Often in aggregations. Feeds on fishes, bivalves, squid, and crustaceans. Last, P.R. and J.D. Stevens 1994 Sharks and rays of Australia. CSIRO, Australia. 513 p. (Ref. 6871) FB-Size-6381 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Armi G. Torres 1992-09-12 00:00:00 2024-01-25 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6381 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size 430 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 5578)) Compagno, L.J.V., D.A. Ebert and M.J. Smale 1989 Guide to the sharks and rays of southern Africa. New Holland (Publ.) Ltd., London. 158 p. (Ref. 5578) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Habitat-6381 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Armi G. Torres 1992-09-12 00:00:00 2024-01-25 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6381 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat demersal; brackish; marine; depth range 0 - 476 m (Ref. 5578), usually 0 - 200 m (Ref. 89422) Compagno, L.J.V., D.A. Ebert and M.J. Smale 1989 Guide to the sharks and rays of southern Africa. New Holland (Publ.) Ltd., London. 158 p. (Ref. 5578) McMillan, P.J., M.P. Francis, G.D. James, L.J. Paul, P.J Marriott, E. Mackay, B.A. Wood, L.H. Griggs, H. Sui and F. Wei 2011 New Zealand fishes. Volume 1: A field guide to common species caught by bottom and midwater fishing. New Zealand Aquatic Environment and Biodiversity Report No. 68. 329 p. (Ref. 89422)