FB-6334 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6334 Animalia Chordata Teleostei Mugiliformes Mugilidae Pseudomyxus Pseudomyxus capensis (Valenciennes, 1836) Varswater-harder Sydafrikansk ferskvandsmulte Freshwater mullet Freshwater springer 淡水黏鯔 淡水黏鲻 Mugil capensis Valenciennes, 1836 Mugil euronotus Smith, 1846 Myxus capensis (Valenciennes, 1836) Trachystoma euronotus (Smith, 1846) 1992-08-06 2023-12-01 Breder, C.M. and D.E. Rosen0 Modes of reproduction in fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey. 941 p. (Ref. 205) Thomson, J.M.0 Mugilidae. In W. Fischer and G. Bianchi (eds.) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Indian Ocean (Fishing Area 51). volume 3. [pag. var.]. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 2830) Thomson, J.M.0 Mugilidae. p. 344-349. In J. Daget, J.-P. Gosse and D.F.E. Thys van den Audenaerde (eds.) Check-list of the freshwater fishes of Africa (CLOFFA). ISNB, Brussels, MRAC; Tervuren; and ORSTOM, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 3573) IUCN0 1990 IUCN red list of threatened animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, U.K. 288 p. (Ref. 3881) Smith, M.M. and J.L.B. Smith0 Mugilidae. p. 714-720. In M.M. Smith and P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. (Ref. 4393) Hureau, J.-C.0 La base de données GICIM: Gestion informatisée des collections ichthyologiques du Muséum. p. 225-227. In Atlas Préliminaire des Poissons d'Eau Douce de France. Conseil Supérieur de la Pêche, Ministère de l'Environnement, CEMAGREF et Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris. (Ref. 4517) Bruton, M.N., P.B.N. Jackson and P.H. Skelton0 Pocket guide to the freshwater fishes of southern Africa. Cape Town (South Africa): Centaur Publishers, p.88. (Ref. 5214) IUCN0 1994 IUCN red list of threatened animals. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, U.K. (Ref. 6376) de Moor, I.J. and M.N. Bruton0 Atlas of alien and translocated indigenous aquatic animals in southern Africa. A report of the Committee for Nature Conservation Research National Programme for Ecosystem Research. South African Scientific Programmes Report No. 144. 310 p. Port Elizabeth, South Africa. (Ref. 6465) Skelton, P.H.0 A complete guide to the freshwater fishes of southern Africa. Southern Book Publishers. 388 p. (Ref. 7248) Baillie, J. and B. Groombridge (eds.)0 1996 IUCN red list of threatened animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. 378 p. (Ref. 12255) McDowall, R.M.0 Diadromy in fishes: migrations between freshwater and marine environments. Croom Helm, London. (Ref. 26213) Wu, H.L., K.-T. Shao and C.F. Lai (eds.)0 Latin-Chinese dictionary of fishes names. The Sueichan Press, Taiwan. 1028 p. (Ref. 31517) Anonymous0 Fish collection database of the Natural History Museum, London (formerly British Museum of Natural History (BMNH)). Natural History Museum, London (formerly British Museum of Natural History (BMNH)). (Ref. 31982) Anonymous0 Fish collection database of the J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, Grahamstown, South Africa. J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, Grahamstown, South Africa. (Ref. 36670) Harrison, T.D.0 Length-weight relationships of fishes from South African estuaries. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 17(1):46-48. (Ref. 37813) Anonymous0 Fish collection database of the Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen. Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen. (Ref. 40919) Marais, J.F.K.0 Feeding ecology of major carnivorous fish from four eastern Cape estuaries. S. Afr. J. Zool. 19(3):210-223. (Ref. 43781) Whitfield, A.K.0 The role of zooplankton in the feeding ecology of fish fry from some southern African estuaries. S. Afr. J. Zool. 20(3):166-171. (Ref. 43782) Riede, K.0 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p. (Ref. 51243) Carl, H.0 Danish fish names. Zoological Museum of Copenhagen. Unpublished. (Ref. 51471) Skelton, P.H.0 A complete guide to the freshwater fishes of southern Africa. Cape Town (South Africa): Struik Publishers, 395 p. (Ref. 52193) Blaber, S.J.M.0 The feeding ecology and relative abundance of mullet (Mugilidae) in Natal and Pondoland estuaries. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 9:259-275. (Ref. 56100) Blaber, S.J.M.0 The food and feeding ecology of Mugilidae in the St. Lucia lake systems. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 8:267-277. (Ref. 56548) Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences0 Chinese aquatic germplasm resources database. http://zzzy.fishinfo.cn (Ref. 58108) Whitfield, A.K.0 Biology and ecology of fishes in southern African estuaries. J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, South Africa. 223 p. (Ref. 58350) Blaber, S.J.M.0 The shedding of gill raker filaments in grey mullet (Mugilidae). S. Afr. J. Sci. 71:377. (Ref. 74739) Bok, A.H.0 The distribution and ecology of two mullet species in some freshwater rivers in the eastern Cape, South Africa. J. Limnol. Soc. Sth. Afr. 5:97-102. (Ref. 74748) Bok, A.H.0 Freshwater mullet in the eastern Cape. The Eastern Cape Naturalist 69:12-14. (Ref. 74749) Bok, A.H.0 Freshwater mullet in the eastern Cape. A strong case for fish ladders. The Naturalist 28:31-35. (Ref. 74752) van der Elst, R.P. and J.H. Wallace0 Identification of the juvenile mullet of the east coast of South Africa. J. Fish Biol. 9(4):371-374. (Ref. 74906) Whitfield, A.K.0 Abundance of larval and 0+ juvenile marine fishes in the lower reaches of three southern African estuaries with differeing freshwater inputs. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 105:257-267. (Ref. 79975) Durand, J.-D., K.-N. Shen, W.-J. Chen, B.W. Jamandre, H. Blel, K. Diop, M. Nichio, F.J. Garcia de León, A.K. Whitfield, C-W. Chang and P. Borsa0 Systematics of the grey mullets (Teleostei: Mugiliformes: Mugilidae): Molecular phylogenetic evidence challenges two centuries of morphology-based taxonomy. Mol. Phylogen. Evol. 64:73-92. (Ref. 90274) Ellender, B.R., G.C. Taylor and O.L.F. Weyl0 Validation of growth zone deposition rate in otoliths and scales of flathead mullet <i>Mugil cephalus</i> and freshwater mullet <i>Myxus capensis</i> from fish of known age. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 34(3):455-458. (Ref. 94789) Patzner, R.A.0 Reproductive strategies of fish. pp. 311-350. In Rocha, M.J., A. Arukwe and B.G. Kapoor (eds). Fish reproduction: cytology, biology and ecology. Science Publisher, Inc. Oxford. 631 p. (Ref. 101194) Durand, J.-D. and P. Borsa0 Mitochondrial phylogeny of grey mullets (Acanthopterygii: Mugilidae) suggests high proportion of cryptic species. Comptes Rendus Biologies, 338(4): 266-277. (Ref. 114224) IUCN0 The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1964 - onwards. https://www.iucnredlist.org/ (Ref. 130435) FB-GeneralDescr-6334 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Tess Cruz 1992-08-06 00:00:00 2023-12-01 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6334 Adults occur in freshwater to estuarine conditions. Adults breed at sea, throughout the year; juveniles move into estuaries and enter rivers usually in late winter or early spring (Ref. 52193). Females remain in freshwater for 7 years, males for 4 years (Ref. 52193). Return to estuaries before maturing sexually prior to spawning (Ref. 52193). Oviparous, eggs are pelagic and non-adhesive (Ref. 205). Feed on benthic algae and small invertebrates over muddy bottom (Ref. 6465). Decline in population from obstruction, by dams and weirs, of free passage into rivers. Thomson, J.M. 1986 Mugilidae. p. 344-349. In J. Daget, J.-P. Gosse and D.F.E. Thys van den Audenaerde (eds.) Check-list of the freshwater fishes of Africa (CLOFFA). ISNB, Brussels, MRAC; Tervuren; and ORSTOM, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 3573) FB-DiagnosticDescr-6334 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Cristina V. Garilao 1997-03-01 00:00:00 2023-12-01 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6334 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Morphology Description: Adipose eyelids rudimentary, just visible in adults; upper jaw, maxilla, mostly hidden when mouth closed (Ref. 52193). Dorsal fin with 5 spines and 8 soft rays; anal fin with 3 spines and 9 soft rays; origin of anal fin in advance of origin of second dorsal fin (Ref. 52193). Scales in lateral series 43-45 (Ref. 52193).Colouration: Silvery grey in colour (Ref. 4393, 52193). Skelton, P.H. 1993 A complete guide to the freshwater fishes of southern Africa. Southern Book Publishers. 388 p. (Ref. 7248) FB-Morphology-6334 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Cristina V. Garilao 1997-03-01 00:00:00 2023-12-01 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6334 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Dorsal spines (total): 5; Dorsal soft rays (total): 8; Analspines: 3; Analsoft rays: 9 Skelton, P.H. 1993 A complete guide to the freshwater fishes of southern Africa. Southern Book Publishers. 388 p. (Ref. 7248) FB-Distribution-6334 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Tess Cruz 1992-08-06 00:00:00 2025-11-06 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6334 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Uses Africa: endemic to South Africa, in east coastal estuaries and rivers from the Breë River to Kosi Bay (Ref. 7248, 52193). Skelton, P.H. 1993 A complete guide to the freshwater fishes of southern Africa. Southern Book Publishers. 388 p. (Ref. 7248) FB-Uses-6334 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Tess Cruz 1992-08-06 00:00:00 2023-12-01 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6334 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size fisheries: commercial; aquarium: commercial Thomson, J.M. 1984 Mugilidae. In W. Fischer and G. Bianchi (eds.) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Indian Ocean (Fishing Area 51). volume 3. [pag. var.]. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 2830) Miyasaka, A. 1993 A database on scientific and common names of fishes exported from Hawaii. The information was derived from the above mentioned database. A printout of the names is also available from the State of Hawaii, Department of Land and Natural Resources, 1151 Punchbowl Street, Honolulu, Hawaii. FB-Migration-6334 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Tess Cruz 1992-08-06 00:00:00 2023-12-01 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6334 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Catadromous. Migrating from freshwater to the sea to spawn, e.g., European eels. Subdivision of diadromous. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km. Riede, K. 2004 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p. (Ref. 51243) FB-LifeCycle-6334 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Armi G. Torres 1992-08-06 00:00:00 2023-12-01 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=6334&StockCode=6647 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Breed at the sea throughout the year. Juveniles move into estuaries and enter rivers usually in late winter or early spring. Males remain in freshwater until 4 years, females for up to 7 years. Fish return first to estuaries before maturing sexually prior to spawning (Ref. 7248). Breder, C.M. and D.E. Rosen 1966 Modes of reproduction in fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey. 941 p. (Ref. 205) FB-TrophicStrategy-6334 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Drina Sta. Iglesia 2000-11-16 00:00:00 2008-07-21 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ FAO General public capensis Occur in freshwater to estuarine conditions. Breed at sea; juveniles move into estuaries and enter rivers in late winter or early spring. Feed on benthic algae and small invertebrates over muddy bottom. Changes in the feeding habits from migratory zooplankton to meiobenthos which takes place between 0.1 and 0.2 cm length, this is followed by a period when large quantities of food, mainly insects, are taken from the surface of the water; when it reached > 0.3 cm, changed feeding on microbenthos and sand (Ref. 56101). Occurs mainly in the freshwater zones of Eastern Cape rivers with small numbers in brackishwater at the head of estuaries; has an extended juvenile recruitment period; found to normally penetrate further upriver than Mugil cephalus (Ref. 74748). Opportunistic feeder, eat soft bodied insects if available (Ref. 74749). Gill-raker filaments were found in the stomach captured using seine net. Due to their thinner and more pointed snout, these species are frequently caught in the meshes of seine nets, in a gill net fashion. Mullets struggle to be free of the constricting meshes, food is often regurgitated at an early stage, subsequent gasping of oxygen would then easily cause gill-rakers, broken loose in the struggle, to be swalowed (Ref. 74739). Thomson, J.M. 1986 Mugilidae. p. 344-349. In J. Daget, J.-P. Gosse and D.F.E. Thys van den Audenaerde (eds.) Check-list of the freshwater fishes of Africa (CLOFFA). ISNB, Brussels, MRAC; Tervuren; and ORSTOM, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 3573) FB-Size-6334 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Tess Cruz 1992-08-06 00:00:00 2023-12-01 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6334 45.0 cm FL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 52193)) Skelton, P.H. 2001 A complete guide to the freshwater fishes of southern Africa. Cape Town (South Africa): Struik Publishers, 395 p. (Ref. 52193) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Morphology Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Habitat-6334 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Tess Cruz 1992-08-06 00:00:00 2023-12-01 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6334 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution demersal; catadromous (Ref. 51243); freshwater; brackish; marine Riede, K. 2004 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p. (Ref. 51243)