FB-5400 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=5400 Animalia Chordata Elasmobranchii Myliobatiformes Dasyatidae Urogymnus Urogymnus asperrimus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Raia pungente africana Penrog Trnucha dikobrazí Trnucha oválná Pindsvinerokke Black spotted ray Porcupine ray Porcupine whipray Porcupineray Roughskin stingaree Rough-skinned ray Solanders ray Thorny ray Thorny-ray Siilrai vai roro Pastenague sans dard Pari duren Pari bilis Pari dedap Pari duri Pari teritip Pitan Kallu thirukai Moolan-tiriki Mullam thirukai முள்ளன் திருக்‍கை மூளன் டீரீக்கீ  Pagi Krabane kanoon Cá Đuối bồng Châu phi Raya africana Balinauag Egelpijlstaartrog Eramudhu maduva Nhiirriil Vali sagalea 糙沙粒魟 非洲沙粒魟 Anacanthus africanus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Rachinotus africanus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Raja africana Bloch & Schneider, 1801 Raja asperrima Bloch & Schneider, 1801 Rhachinotus africanus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Urogymnosus africanus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Urogymnus africana (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Urogymnus africanus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Urogymnus aperrimus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Urogymnus asperrimus solanderi Whitley, 1939 Urogymnus rhombeus Klunzinger, 1871 1992-04-15 2024-01-25 Breder, C.M. and D.E. Rosen0 Modes of reproduction in fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey. 941 p. (Ref. 205) Herre, A.W.C.T.0 Check list of Philippine fishes. Res. Rep. U.S. Fish Wild. Serv. (20):1-977. (Ref. 280) Bloch, M.E. and J.G. Schneider0 M.E. Blochii, systema ichthyologiae iconibus cx illustratum. Post obitum auctoris opus inchoatum absolvit, correxit, interpolavit Jo. Gottlob Schneider, Saxo. Berolini, Sumtibus Austoris Impressum et Bibliopolio Sanderiano Commissum: Berlin. 584 p. (Ref. 298) Myers, R.F.0 Micronesian reef fishes. Second Ed. Coral Graphics, Barrigada, Guam. 298 p. (Ref. 1602) Smith, J.L.B. and M.M. Smith0 The fishes of Seychelles. Rhodes University, Grahamstown. 215 p. (Ref. 1623) Suvatti, C.0 Fishes of Thailand. Royal Institute of Thailand, Bangkok. 379 p. (Ref. 1632) Eschmeyer, W.N.0 Catalog of the genera of recent fishes. California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, USA. 697 p. (Ref. 1830) Randall, J.E., G.R. Allen and R.C. 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Randall 1999-04-21 2010-07-22 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=5400 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Urasp_u0.jpg http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/jpg/tn_Urasp_u0.jpg FB-pic-5400-29394 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif FAO 2001-05-02 2001-06-09 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=5400 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Urasp_u2.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Urasp_u2.gif FB-GeneralDescr-5400 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Estelita Emily Capuli 1992-04-15 00:00:00 2024-01-25 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=5400 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Inhabits the continental shelf area (Ref. 2334), but capable of entering coastal lagoons (Ref. 81259). Found on sand and coral rubble areas near reefs (Ref. 9840), often in caves. Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Due to its difficult handling, it is probably of limited commercial value (Ref. 9840). Its thorn can inflict a painful injury; caught commonly by demersal tangle net fisheries; utilized for its meat, skin (very high value) and cartilage (Ref.58048). Randall, J.E., G.R. Allen and R.C. Steene 1990 Fishes of the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, Hawaii. 506 p. (Ref. 2334) FB-DiagnosticDescr-5400 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Cristina V. Garilao 1995-09-05 00:00:00 2017-11-15 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=5400 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Uses Diagnosis: A heavily armored stingray lacking a venomous barb; young with large, flat denticles on upper surface, and large juveniles and adults with additional sharp conical thorns and small, pointed denticles (Ref. 5578).Description: Very large stingray with an extremely thick, oval disc, with broadly rounded outer corners (Ref. 5578, 81259). Snout broadly rounded (Ref. 5578). Dorsal surface very rough, its central area covered with flattened, heart-shaped, dermal denticles, and a very large number of conical, pointed, thorny tubercles scattered over the entire disc (Ref. 81259). Tail slender, about as long as body, very spiny, but sting always lacking; ventral tail fold reduced or absent (Ref. 5578, 81259).Colouration: Light grey or whitish dorsally, white ventrally; tail whip blackish (Ref. 5578, 81259). Compagno, L.J.V., D.A. Ebert and M.J. Smale 1989 Guide to the sharks and rays of southern Africa. New Holland (Publ.) Ltd., London. 158 p. (Ref. 5578) FB-Distribution-5400 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Estelita Emily Capuli 1992-04-15 00:00:00 2025-11-05 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=5400 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Eastern Central Atlantic: Senegal, Guinea, and Côte d'Ivoire (Ref. 4438). Indo-Pacific: Red Sea and coast of East Africa to the Marshall Islands and Fiji, south to northern Australia (Ref. 2334). Randall, J.E. 1995 Coastal fishes of Oman. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, Hawaii. 439 p. (Ref. 11441) FB-Uses-5400 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Estelita Emily Capuli 1992-04-15 00:00:00 2024-01-25 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=5400 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats fisheries: commercial Sommer, C., W. Schneider and J.-M. Poutiers 1996 FAO species identification field guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of Somalia. FAO, Rome. 376 p. (Ref. 30573) FB-LifeCycle-5400 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1992-04-15 00:00:00 2024-01-25 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=5400&StockCode=5659 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205). Breder, C.M. and D.E. Rosen 1966 Modes of reproduction in fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey. 941 p. (Ref. 205) FB-TrophicStrategy-5400 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Pascualita Sa-a 2000-03-03 00:00:00 2018-05-02 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public asperrimus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Inhabits the continental shelf area (Ref. 2334), but capable of entering coastal lagoons (Ref. 81259). Found on sand and coral rubble areas near reefs (Ref. 9840), often in caves. Homma, K., T. Maruyama, Y. Takeda and H. Ishihara 1994 A study on the biology of rays occuring in the Pohnpei Island, Caroline Islands. p. 87-107. In Proceedings Fourth Indo-Pacific Fish Conference, 28 Nov.-Dec. 1993. Kasetsart Univ. Bangkok, Thailand. (Ref. 31320) FB-Size-5400 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Estelita Emily Capuli 1992-04-15 00:00:00 2024-01-25 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=5400 147 cm WD (male/unsexed; (Ref. 58048)) White, W.T., P.R. Last, J.D. Stevens, G.K. Yearsley, Fahmi and Dharmadi 2006 Economically important sharks and rays of Indonesia. [Hiu dan pari yang bernilai ekonomis penting di Indonesia]. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, Australia. (Ref. 58048) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Habitat-5400 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Estelita Emily Capuli 1992-04-15 00:00:00 2024-01-25 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=5400 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats reef-associated; brackish; marine; depth range 15 - 217 m (Ref. 86942) Fricke, R., M. Kulbicki and L. Wantiez 2011 Checklist of the fishes of New Caledonia, and their distribution in the Southwest Pacific Ocean (Pisces). Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde A, Neue Serie 4:341-463. (Ref. 86942)