FB-5158 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=5158 Animalia Chordata Teleostei Perciformes/Serranoidei Epinephelidae Epinephelus Epinephelus akaara (Temminck & Schlegel, 1842) Garrupa Hong Kong grouper Red grouper Redspotted grouper Mérou Mérou rouge tacheté Lokos Kijihata 붉바리 Cá Song chấm đỏ Mero de pintas rojas 石斑 紅斑 赤点石斑鱼 赤點石斑魚 过鱼 鲙 Epinephelus diacanthus (non Valenciennes, 1828) Epinephelus fario (non Thunberg, 1793) Epinephelus ionthas Jordan & Metz, 1913 Epinephelus lobotoides Nichols, 1913 Serranus akaara Temminck & Schlegel, 1842 Serranus shihpan Richardson, 1846 Serranus variegatus Richardson, 1846 1992-03-05 2024-08-12 ASIH (American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists)0 Ontogeny and systematics of fishes. Based on an international symposium dedicated to the memory of Elbert Halvor Ahlstrom, 15-18 August 1983, La Jolla, California. Spec. Publ. Am. Soc. Ichthyol. Herpetol. 1:ix, 760 p. (Ref. 63) Coppola, S.R., W. Fischer, L. Garibaldi, N. Scialabba and K.E. Carpenter0 SPECIESDAB: Global species database for fishery purposes. User's manual. FAO Computerized Information Series (Fisheries). No. 9. Rome, FAO. 103 p. (Ref. 171) Masuda, H., K. Amaoka, C. Araga, T. Uyeno and T. Yoshino0 The fishes of the Japanese Archipelago. Vol. 1. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, Japan. 437 p. (text). (Ref. 559) Eschmeyer, W.N.0 Catalog of the genera of recent fishes. California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, USA. 697 p. (Ref. 1830) Thurston, R.V. and P.C. Gehrke0 Respiratory oxygen requirements of fishes: description of OXYREF, a data file based on test results reported in the published literature. p. 95-108. In R.C. Russo & R.V. Thurston (eds.) Fish Physiology, Toxicology, and Water Quality Management. Proceedings of an International Symposium, Sacramento, California, USA, September 18-19, 1990. US Environmental Protection Agency EPA/600/R-93/157. (Ref. 2120) Wu, R.S.S. and N.Y.S. Woo0 Respiratory responses and tolerance to hypoxia in two marine teleosts, <i>Epinephelus akaara</i> (Temminck & Schlegel) and <i>Mylio macrocephalus</i> (Basilewsky). Hydrobiologia 119:209-217. (Ref. 2675) Chan, W.L.0 Marine fishes of Hong Kong. Part 1. Government Press, Hong Kong. (Ref. 2852) FAO Fishery Information, Data and Statistics Service0 Aquaculture production (1986-1989). FAO Fish. Circ. 815, Rev. 3. 141 p. (Ref. 3691) Randall, J.E. and P.C. Heemstra0 Revision of Indo-Pacific groupers (Perciformes: Serranidae: Epinephelinae), with descriptions of five new species. Indo-Pac. Fish. (20):332 p. (Ref. 4787) FAO0 FAO yearbook. Fishery statistics: catches and landings. Vol. 70: 1990. FAO Fish. Ser. 38:647 p. (Ref. 4931) Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall0 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. 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(Ref. 115257) Wilson, K.D.P.0 Artificial reefs and reef fish in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Friends of the Country Parks & Cosmos Books Ltd., 176p. (Ref. 119494) Leung, A.W.Y.0 Temporal trends in fish abundance and species composition on an open access artificial reef in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: The University of Hong Kong, M.Phil. Thesis, 187p. (Ref. 119713) Tam, M.C.0 Fish assemblages in fished and protected areas of Tung Ping Chau Marine Park, Hong Kong SAR. Hong Kong: Sha Tin, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, MSc Thesis, 308 p. (Ref. 125586) Hau, L.C.Y., K.K.Y. Ho and S.K.H. Shea0 Identification guide to live reef food fish in Hong Kong's wet markets. ADM Foundation, Choose Right Today and Swire Trust in partnership with Bloom, 113 p. (Ref. 126997) To, A.W.L., K.S.H. Ching and S.K.H. Shea0 Hong Kong reef fish photo guide. Eco-Education and Resources Centre (Ref. 128523) Cornish, A.S.0 The reef fish species of the Cape D' Aguilar Marine Reserve, Hoi Ha Wan Marine Park, Yan Chau Tong Marine Park and Ping Chau, Hong Kong. pp. 369-382 In B. Morton (ed.) The Marine Flora and Fauna of Hong Kong and Southern China V, Proceedings of the Tenth International Marine Biological Workshop, Hong Kong, 6-26 April 1998. Hong Kong University Press. (Ref. 129329) Lai, N.-W.0 Hong Kong market marine fish. Original title: 香港街市海魚圖鑑. Hua Qianshu Publishing Co., Ltd., p. 440. (Ref. 129440) Price, S.A., S.T. Friedman, K.A. Corn, O. Larouche, K. Brockelsby, A.J. Lee, M. Nagaraj, N.G. Bertrand, M. Danao, M.C. Coyne, J.R. Estrada, R. Friedman, E. Hoeft, M. Iwan, D. Gross, J.H. Kao, B. Landry, M.J. Linares, C. McGlinn and …0 FishShapes v1: Functionally relevant measurements of teleost shape and size on three dimensions. Ecology 103(e3829):1-2. (Ref. 137577) Mohammed-Geba, K.0 Analysis of genetic population structure of an endangered Serranid fish species in the South Korean waters: a bioinformatic simulation. J. Appl. Biol. Biotechnol. 3(1):24-29. (Ref. 137598) FB-pic-5158-9381 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg John E. Randall 1996-03-01 2010-07-21 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=5158 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution 1.4 lbs. http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Epaka_u0.jpg http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/jpg/tn_Epaka_u0.jpg FB-pic-5158-11186 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif FAO 1996-05-25 1996-05-25 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=5158 http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Epaka_u0.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Epaka_u0.gif FB-pic-5158-44314 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Information Center Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences 2006-04-07 2006-04-07 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=5158 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Epaka_u4.jpg http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/jpg/tn_Epaka_u4.jpg FB-GeneralDescr-5158 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1992-03-05 00:00:00 2024-08-12 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=5158 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Rock-reef species inhabiting depths to at least 55 m. Juveniles are often found shallower than 10 m (Ref. 089707). A highly prized food fish usually caught by hand-lining over rock strata. Found in Hong Kong live fish markets (Ref. 27253). Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall 1993 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222) FB-DiagnosticDescr-5158 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rodolfo B. Reyes 1994-06-09 00:00:00 2013-08-30 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=5158 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Distinguished by the following characteristics: head and body pale brownish grey, covered with small red, orange or gold spots except on ventral side; 6 faint oblique dark bars on body; dark brown blotch on body at base of the 3 dorsal fin spines; dorsal fin margin yellow or orange; row of dusky yellow or orange spots along middle of the spinous dorsal fin and another row along the base of the fin; faint red or orange spots at caudal and anal fins; body depth less than head length, 2.7-3.2 times in SL; head length 2.3-2.6 times in SL; preopercle with enlarged serrae at angle; upper edge of operculum straight; subequal posterior and anterior nostril; maxilla reaching about to vertical at rear edge of eye; two rows of teeth at midside of lower jaw; pelvic fins not reaching anus; caudal fin rounded; lateral body scales ctenoid, with auxiliary in adults (Ref. 089707). Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall 1993 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222) FB-Morphology-5158 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rodolfo B. Reyes 1994-06-09 00:00:00 2013-08-30 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=5158 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Dorsal spines (total): 11; Dorsal soft rays (total): 15 - 17; Analspines: 3; Analsoft rays: 8 Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall 1993 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222) FB-Distribution-5158 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1992-03-05 00:00:00 2025-11-05 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=5158 Northwest Pacific: southern China, Taiwan, East China Sea, Korea, and southern Japan (Kyushu to about 38°N on both coasts of Honshu). Reported specimen from Viet Nam may be Epinephelus fasciatomaculosus and records from the Philippines and India are unsubstantiated. Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall 1993 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222) FB-Uses-5158 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1992-03-05 00:00:00 2024-08-12 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=5158 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size fisheries: minor commercial; aquaculture: commercial; gamefish: yes; price category: very high; price reliability: questionable: based on ex-vessel price for species in this genus FAO 1992 FAO yearbook. Fishery statistics: catches and landings. Vol. 70: 1990. FAO Fish. Ser. 38:647 p. (Ref. 4931) Garibaldi, L. 1996 List of animal species used in aquaculture. FAO Fish. Circ. 914. 38 p. (Ref. 12108) IGFA 2009 Database of IGFA angling records until 2009. IGFA, Fort Lauderdale, USA. FB-TrophicStrategy-5158 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Drina Sta. Iglesia 2001-06-05 00:00:00 2007-08-08 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public akaara http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Inhabits coral reefs (Ref. 58534). Widespread in rocky areas (Ref. 9137). Masuda, H. and G.R. Allen 1993 Meeresfische der Welt - Groß-Indopazifische Region. Tetra Verlag, Herrenteich, Melle. 528 p. (Ref. 9137) FB-Size-5158 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1992-03-05 00:00:00 2024-08-12 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=5158 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat 58.0 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 89707)); max. published weight: 2,470 g (Ref. 40637) Craig, M.T., YJ. Sadovy de Mitcheson and P.C. Heemstra 2011 Groupers of the world: a field and market guide. North America: CRC Press/Taylor and Francis Group, xix, 356 p., A47 pages appendix. (Ref. 89707) IGFA 2001 Database of IGFA angling records until 2001. IGFA, Fort Lauderdale, USA. (Ref. 40637) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#DiagnosticDescription Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Habitat-5158 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1992-03-05 00:00:00 2024-08-12 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=5158 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Morphology reef-associated; marine; depth range 1 - 55 m (Ref. 89707) Craig, M.T., YJ. Sadovy de Mitcheson and P.C. Heemstra 2011 Groupers of the world: a field and market guide. North America: CRC Press/Taylor and Francis Group, xix, 356 p., A47 pages appendix. (Ref. 89707)