FB-493 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=493 Animalia Chordata Teleostei Scombriformes Stromateidae Peprilus Peprilus simillimus (Ayres, 1860) Pâmpano-manteiga Atlantisk smørfisk Dollarfisk American butterfish Atlantic butterfish Butterfish Dollar fish Pumpkin scad Sheephead Hall müntkala Stromaté fossette Stromatée à fossettes баттерфиш серый Поронот Fläckig smörfisk Palometa estrecha Palometa pintada Atlantska figa 三刺低鰭鯧 三刺低鳍鲳 Poronotus burti (non Fowler, 1944) Poronotus triacanthus (Peck, 1804) Rhombus cryptosus (Mitchill, 1814) Rhombus triacanthus (Peck, 1804) Stromateus cryptosus Mitchill, 1814 Stromateus triacanthus Peck, 1804 1990-10-17 1998-09-23 Breder, C.M. and D.E. Rosen0 Modes of reproduction in fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey. 941 p. (Ref. 205) Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea and W.B. Scott0 A list of common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. (12)1-174. (Ref. 276) Hinegardner, R. and D.E. Rosen0 Cellular DNA content and the evolution of teleostean fishes. Am. Nat. 106(951):621-644. (Ref. 2209) Hughes, G.M. and M. Morgan0 The structure of fish gills in relation to their respiratory function. Biol. Revs. 48(3):419-475. (Ref. 2302) Gray, I.E.0 Comparative study of the gill area of marine fishes. Biol. Bull. Mar. Biol. Lab. Woods Hole 107:219-225. (Ref. 2308) Vergara, R.0 Stromateidae. In W. Fischer (ed.) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Central Atlantic (fishing area 31). Vol. 5. FAO, Rome. pag. var. (Ref. 2702) Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development0 Multilingual dictionary of fish and fish products. Fishing News Books, Oxford. (Ref. 3383) Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea and W.B. Scott0 Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. (20):183 p. (Ref. 3814) Hureau, J.-C.0 La base de données GICIM: Gestion informatisée des collections ichthyologiques du Muséum. p. 225-227. In Atlas Préliminaire des Poissons d'Eau Douce de France. Conseil Supérieur de la Pêche, Ministère de l'Environnement, CEMAGREF et Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris. (Ref. 4517) Dawson, C.E.0 Length-weight relationships of some Gulf of Mexico fishes. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 94:279-280. (Ref. 4528) Pauly, D. and R.S.V. Pullin0 Hatching time in spherical, pelagic, marine fish eggs in response to temperature and egg size. Environ. Biol. Fishes 22(4):261-271. (Ref. 4638) Martin, F.D. and G.E. Drewry0 Development of fishes of the Mid-Atlantic Bight. An atlas of egg, larval and juvenile stages. Vol. VI. Stromateidae through Ogcocephalidae. Fish. Wildl. Serv. US Dept. Int. FWS/OBS-78/-12:416 p. (Ref. 4661) Stillwell, C.E. and N.E. Kohler0 Food, feeding habits, and estimates of daily ration of the shortfin mako (<i>Isurus oxyrinchus</i>) in the Northwest Atlantic. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 39(3):407-414. (Ref. 4922) Leim, A.H. and W.B. Scott0 Fishes of the Atlantic coast of Canada. Bull. Fish. Res. Board Can. (155):485 p. (Ref. 4926) FAO0 FAO yearbook. Fishery statistics: catches and landings. Vol. 70: 1990. FAO Fish. Ser. 38:647 p. (Ref. 4931) Scott, W.B. and M.G. Scott0 Atlantic fishes of Canada. Can. Bull. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 219:731 p. (Ref. 5951) Bigelow, H.B. and W.C. Schroeder0 Fishes of the Gulf of Maine. Fish. Bull. 53:1-577. (Ref. 7135) Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray0 A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251) Carpenter, K.0 List of FAO names in the yearbook found inconsistent with FIRM's Species Identification and Data Programme publications and other primary sources. pers. comm. FIDI-FIRM List, FAO, Rome. (Ref. 7439) FAO0 FAO Yearbook. Fishery statistics: catches and landings. Vol. 74: 1992. FAO Fish. Ser. 43:677 p. (Ref. 8984) Hesler, T.E., F.P. Almeida and D.E. Waldron0 Biology and fisheries of north-west Atlantic hake (silver hake: <i>M. bilinearis</i>). p. 203-237. In J. Alheit and T.J. Pitcher (eds.) Hake:Biology, fisheries and markets. Chapman & Hall, London, 478 p. (Ref. 9714) Frimodt, C.0 Multilingual illustrated guide to the world's commercial coldwater fish. Fishing News Books, Osney Mead, Oxford, England. 215 p. (Ref. 9988) Anonymous0 Report of the Second NEFC Stock Assessment Workshop (second saw). Woods Hole Ref. Doc. 86-09. 114 p. (Ref. 10056) Anonymous0 Fish collection database of the University of British Columbia Fish Museum Fish Museum. University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. (Ref. 10937) Myers, R.A., J. Bridson and N.J. Barrowman0 Summary of worldwide spawner and recruitment data. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2024. 274 p. (Ref. 11063) To be filled0 To be filled. Woods Hole Ref. Doc. 91-03. (Ref. 11153) Claro, R. and J.P. García-Arteaga0 Crecimiento. p.321-402. In R. Claro (ed.) Ecología de los peces marinos de Cuba. Instituto de Oceanologia Academia de Ciencias de Cuba and Centro de Investigaciones de Quintana Roo (CIQRO), México. (Ref. 11824) Du Paul, W.D. and J.D. McEachran0 Age and growth of butterfish, <i>Peprilus traicanthus</i>, in the Lower York river. Chesapeake Sci. 14(3):205-207. (Ref. 12001) Wilk, S.J., W.W. Morse and D.E. Ralph0 Length-weight relationships of fishes collected in the New York Bight. Bull. New Jersey Acad. Sci. 23(2):58-64. (Ref. 12035) O'Brien, L., J. Burnett and R.K. Mayo0 Maturation of nineteen species of finfish off the northeast coast of the United States, 1985-1990. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS 113, 66 p. (Ref. 12186) Coad, B.W.0 Encyclopedia of Canadian fishes. Canadian Museum of Nature and Canadian Sportfishing Productions Inc. Singapore. (Ref. 12204) Eschmeyer, W.N. (ed.)0 Catalog of fishes. Special Publication, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. 3 vols. 2905 p. (Ref. 26282) Claro, R.0 Características generales de la ictiofauna. p. 55-70. In R. Claro (ed.) Ecología de los peces marinos de Cuba. Instituto de Oceanología Academia de Ciencias de Cuba and Centro de Investigaciones de Quintana Roo. (Ref. 26340) Sanches, J.G.0 Nomenclatura Portuguesa de organismos aquáticos (proposta para normalização estatística). Publ. Avuls. Inst. Nac. Invest. Pescas 14:322 p. (Ref. 26388) Smith, C.L.0 National Audubon Society field guide to tropical marine fishes of the Caribbean, the Gulf of Mexico, Florida, the Bahamas, and Bermuda. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., New York. 720 p. (Ref. 26938) Hartman, K.J. and S.B. Brandt0 Trophic resource partitioning, diets, and growth of sympatric estuarine predators. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 124(4):520-537. (Ref. 26980) Murdy, E.O., R.S. Birdsong and J.A. Musick0 Fishes of Chesapeake Bay. Smithsonian Institution Press Washington and London. 324 p. (Ref. 27549) Scott, W.B. and S.N. Tibbo0 Food and feeding habits of swordfish, <i>Xiphias gladius</i>, in the western north Atlantic. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 25(5):903-919. (Ref. 28087) Stillwell, C.E. and N.E. Kohler0 Food habits of the sandbar shark <i>Carcharhinus plumbeus</i> off the U.S. northeast coast, with estimates of daily ration. Fish. Bull. 91:138-150. (Ref. 28113) Manooch, C.S. III and W.T. Hogarth0 Stomach contents and giant trematodes from wahoo, <i>Acanthocybium solanderi</i>, collected along the south Atlantic and coasts of the United States. Bull. Mar. Sci. 33(2):227-238. (Ref. 28119) Randolph, S. and M. Snyder0 The seafood list: FDA's guide to acceptable market names for seafood sold in interstate commerce. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, USA. pag. var. (Ref. 30426) Wu, H.L., K.-T. Shao and C.F. Lai (eds.)0 Latin-Chinese dictionary of fishes names. The Sueichan Press, Taiwan. 1028 p. (Ref. 31517) Anonymous0 Fish collection database of the Natural History Museum, London (formerly British Museum of Natural History (BMNH)). Natural History Museum, London (formerly British Museum of Natural History (BMNH)). (Ref. 31982) Anonymous0 Fish collection database of the Gulf Coast Research Laboratory (GCRL). The Gulf Coast Research Laboratory (GCRL), Ocean Springs, Mississippi, USA. (Ref. 34634) Anonymous0 The icthyological collection of the Zoological Museum Hamburg (ZMH). Division of Ichthyology and Herpetology, Zoological Museum Hamburg (ZMH). (Ref. 35508) Anonymous0 Fish collection database of the Intitut fur Seefischerei (ISH). BIOLAB Forschungsinstitut, Hohenwestedt, Germany. (Ref. 35509) Cross, J.N., C.A. Zetlin, P.L. Berrien, D.L. Johnson and C. McBride0 Butterfish, <i>Peprilus triacanthus</i>, life history and habitat characteristics. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-NE-145, 42 p. (Ref. 35664) Buckel, J.A., M.J. Fogarty and D.O. Conover0 Foraging habits of bluefish, <i>Pomatomus saltatrix</i>, on the U.S. east coast continental shelf. Fish. Bull. 97:758-775. (Ref. 35884) Bowman, R.E.0 Food of silver hake, <i>Merluccius bilinearis</i>. Fish. Bull. 82(1):21-35. (Ref. 37201) Bowman, R.E., C.E. Stillwell, W.L. Michaels and M.D. Grosslein0 Food of northwest Atlantic fishes and two common species of squid. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-NE 155, 138 p. (Ref. 37512) Anonymous0 Fish collection database of the National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian Institution). Smithsonian Institution-Division of Fishes. (Ref. 38732) Colton, J.B. Jr. and R.R. Marak0 Guide for identifying the common planktonic fish eggs and larvae of continental shelf waters, Cape Sable to Bloc Island. U.S. Bur. Commer. Fish. Biol. Lab. Ref. 69-9. 43 p. (Ref. 39017) Scotton, L.N., R.E. Smith, N.S. Smith, K.S. Price and D.P. De Sylva0 Pictorial guide to fish larvae of Delaware Bay: with information and bibliographies useful for the study of fish larvae. Delaware Bay Report Series. Vol. 7. College of Marine Studies, University of Delaware. 205 p. (Ref. 39467) Anonymous0 Fish collection database of the Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen. Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen. (Ref. 40919) Anonymous0 Fish collection database of the American Museum of Natural History. American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West , NY 10024-5192, USA. (Ref. 41414) Anonymous0 Fish collection of the Royal Ontario Museum. Royal Ontario Museum. (Ref. 47438) Ricker, W.E.0 Russian-English dictionary for students of fisheries and aquatic biology. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Ottawa. (Ref. 48321) Lannan, C.N., J.L. Batholomew and J.L. Fryer0 Chlamydial infections of fish: Epitheliocystis. p.255-267. In P.T.K. Woo and D.W. Bruno (eds.) Fish Diseases and Disorders Vol. 3: Viral, bacterial and fungal infections. CABI Int'l. (Ref. 48851) Wigley, S.E., H.M. McBride and N.J. McHugh0 Length-weight relationships for 74 fish species collected during NEFSC research vessel bottom trawl surveys, 1992-99. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-NE-171. 26 p. (Ref. 49746) Wilber, D.H., D.G. Clarke, M.H. Burlas, H. Ruben and R.J. Will0 Spatial and temporal variability in surf zone fish assemblages on the coast of northern New Jersey. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 56(2):291-304. (Ref. 50291) Eschmeyer, W.N. (ed.)0 Catalog of fishes. Updated database version of January 2004. Database dump. Catalog databases as made available to FishBase in January 2004. (Ref. 50838) Riede, K.0 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p. (Ref. 51243) Carl, H.0 Danish fish names. Zoological Museum of Copenhagen. Unpublished. (Ref. 51471) Nelson, J.S., E.J. Crossman, H. Espinosa-Pérez, L.T. Findley, C.R. Gilbert, R.N. Lea and J.D. Williams0 Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico. American Fisheries Society, Special Publication 29, Bethesda, Maryland. ix, 386 p. + 1 CD. (Ref. 52299) Haedrich, R.L.0 Stromateidae. Butterfishes (harvestfishes). p. 1879-1884. In K.E. Carpenter (ed.) FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Atlantic. Vol. 3: Bony fishes part 2 (Opistognathidae to Molidae), sea turtles and marine mammals. (Ref. 53006) Claro, R. and L.R. Parenti0 The marine ichthyofauna of Cuba. p. 21-57. In Claro, R., K.C. Lindeman and L.R. Parenti (eds) Ecology of the marine fishes of Cuba. Smithsonian Institution Press, Wahsington and London. 253p. (Ref. 54206) Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences0 Chinese aquatic germplasm resources database. http://zzzy.fishinfo.cn (Ref. 58108) Horn, M.H.0 Systematics and biology of the stromateid fishes of the genus <i>Peprilus</i>. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 140:165-262. (Ref. 58261) Mansueti, R.0 Symbiotic behavior between small fishes and jellyfishes, with new data on that between the stromateid, Peprilus alepidotus, and the scyphomedusa Chrysaora quinquecirrha. Copeia 1963(1):40-80. (Ref. 58264) Oviatt, C.A. and P.M. Kremer0 Predation on the ctenophore, Mnemiopsis leidyi, by butterfish, Peprilus triacanthus, in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Ilsand. Chesap. Sci. 18:236-240. (Ref. 58265) Coad, B.W. and J.D. Reist0 Annotated list of the arctic marine fishes of Canada. Can. MS Rep. Fish Aquat. Sci. 2674:iv:+112 p. (Ref. 58426) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis, 29 April 2008. (Ref. 75549) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en, March 2010. (Ref. 83882) Collette, B.B. and G. Klein-MacPhee (eds.)0 Bigelow and Schroeder’s fishes of the Gulf of Maine, third ed. Caldwell, N.J. : Blackburn Press, 577 p.: ill.; 27 cm. (Ref. 86779) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en, March 2012. (Ref. 90062) Murdy, E.O. and J.A. Musick0 Field guide to fishes of the Chesapeake Bay. JHU Press, 360 p. (Ref. 93252) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en, April 2014. (Ref. 95632) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en, [accessed 13/04/2015]. (Ref. 101110) Patzner, R.A.0 Reproductive strategies of fish. pp. 311-350. In Rocha, M.J., A. Arukwe and B.G. Kapoor (eds). Fish reproduction: cytology, biology and ecology. Science Publisher, Inc. Oxford. 631 p. (Ref. 101194) Pihu, E.0 Loomade elu 4. köide. Kalad. Pihu, E. 1979. Loomade Elu, 4. Köide, Kalad. Valgus, Tallinn. (Ref. 105472) Cheung, W.L., R. Watson and D. Pauly0 Signature of ocean warming in global fisheries catch. Nature 497:365-368. (Ref. 107945) Sibunka, J.D., D.L. Johnson and P.L. Berrien0 Distribution and abundance of fish eggs collected during the GLOBEC broadscale Georges Bank surveys, 1995-1999. NOAA Tech Memo NMFS NE 199. 72p. (Ref. 114074) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en (accessed 08/06/2017). (Ref. 115257) Marceniuk, A.P., R. Caires and R. Siccha-Ramirez0 Review of the harvestfishes, genus <i>Peprilus</i> (Perciformes: Stromateidae), of the Atlantic coast of South America. Zootaxa 4098(2):311-332. (Ref. 116249) Coad, B.W. and J.D. Reist0 Marine fishes of Arctic Canada. Toronto (ON, Canada): University of Toronto Press. xiii+618 p. (Ref. 117245) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from htttps://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en [accessed May, 2018] (Ref. 118272) Marčeta, B. and K. Pliberšek (eds)0 BiosWeb. Biological database of the Fisheries Research Institute of Slovenia. Ljubljana, Fisheries Research Institute of Slovenia, 2014. (www.biosweb.org. updated 13/04/2023). (Ref. 128520) Simian, G., D. Abraham, N. Bailly, P. Béarez, F. Urtizberea, A. Perrot, H. Goraguer, R. Langlois, P. Daszkiewicz, F. Teletchea, S. Tercerie and G. Denys0 Checklist of fishes from the Saint-Pierre and Miquelon archipelago. Cybium 46(4):371-384. (Ref. 132183) FB-GeneralDescr-492 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2010-04-06 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=492 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Forms large schools over the continental shelf, except during the winter months when it may descend to deeper water. Juveniles are generally found under floating weeds and jellyfish. Often found in brackish waters (Ref. 26938). Nerito-pelagic (Ref. 58426). Adults feeds mainly on jellyfish (Ref. 26938), squids, arrow worms, crustaceans and worms (Ref. 58426). Marketed fresh, smoked and frozen; eaten fried, broiled and baked (Ref. 9988). Mostly frozen and exported to Japan. Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray 1986 A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251) FB-DiagnosticDescr-492 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1992-02-11 00:00:00 2012-11-30 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=492 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Uses This species is distinguished by the following characters: body oval to somewhat elongate, moderately deep (its depth 2.7 to 3 times in total length) and strongly compressed; eye medium-sized (its diameter 3.4 to 3.7 times in head length), surrounded by a small area of adipose tissue; snout short and blunt, lower jaw projecting somewhat beyond upper; mouth small, tip of maxillary not reaching to anterior eye margin; teeth in jaws very small, in a single row, while those in the upper jaw flattened and with 3 tiny cusps; dorsal and anal-fin bases very long (about equal in length), the anterior fin rays elevated, but fins not falcate, and both fins preceded by 3 short, weak, spines; caudal fin deeply forked; pectoral fins long (longer than head) and pointed; pelvic fins absent; a conspicuous series of 17 to 25 pores along anterior half of body under dorsal fin; lateral line high, following dorsal profile; scales small, present also on cheeks; caudal vertebrae 17 to 20; body color pale blue above, silvery below; numerous irregular dark spots on sides in live fish (fading after death) (Ref. 53006). Vergara, R. 1978 Stromateidae. In W. Fischer (ed.) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Central Atlantic (fishing area 31). Vol. 5. FAO, Rome. pag. var. (Ref. 2702) FB-Morphology-492 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1992-02-11 00:00:00 2012-11-30 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=492 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Migration Dorsal spines (total): 3; Analspines: 3 Vergara, R. 1978 Stromateidae. In W. Fischer (ed.) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Central Atlantic (fishing area 31). Vol. 5. FAO, Rome. pag. var. (Ref. 2702) FB-Distribution-492 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-12-20 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=492 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TrophicStrategy Western Atlantic: from Labrador (Ref. 58426) to the gulf coasts of Florida (Ref. 2702). Absent in Bermuda or Caribbean (Ref. 26938). Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray 1986 A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251) FB-Uses-492 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2010-04-06 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=492 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size fisheries: commercial; gamefish: yes FAO 1992 FAO yearbook. Fishery statistics: catches and landings. Vol. 70: 1990. FAO Fish. Ser. 38:647 p. (Ref. 4931) Frimodt, C. 1995 Multilingual illustrated guide to the world's commercial coldwater fish. Fishing News Books, Osney Mead, Oxford, England. 215 p. (Ref. 9988) FB-Migration-492 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2010-04-06 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=492 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Oceanodromous. Migrating within oceans typically between spawning and different feeding areas, as tunas do. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km. Riede, K. 2004 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p. (Ref. 51243) FB-LifeCycle-492 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2010-04-06 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=492&StockCode=508 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Diseases Also Ref. 101194. Breder, C.M. and D.E. Rosen 1966 Modes of reproduction in fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey. 941 p. (Ref. 205) FB-TrophicStrategy-492 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1992-02-11 00:00:00 2007-08-01 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public triacanthus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Diseases Forms large schools over the continental shelf, except during the winter months when it may descend to deeper water. Juveniles are generally found under floating weeds and jellyfish. Often found in brackish waters (Ref. 26938). Nerito-pelagic (Ref. 58426). Adults feeds mainly on jellyfish (Ref. 26938), squids, arrow worms, crustaceans and worms (Ref. 58426), also fish, benthic invertebrates and plankton (Ref. 2702). Preyed upon by haddock, silver hake, bluefish, weakfish and swordfish, Xiphias gladius. Parasite found was a monogenean, Microcotyle poronoti (Ref. 5951). Vergara, R. 1978 Stromateidae. In W. Fischer (ed.) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Central Atlantic (fishing area 31). Vol. 5. FAO, Rome. pag. var. (Ref. 2702) FB-Size-492 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2010-04-06 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=492 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Diseases 30.0 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 7251)) Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray 1986 A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Diseases Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Diseases-492-57 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2004-03-03 00:00:00 2004-03-03 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=492&StockCode=508 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Epitheliocystis. Bacterial diseases Lannan, C.N., J.L. Batholomew and J.L. Fryer 1999 Chlamydial infections of fish: Epitheliocystis. p.255-267. In P.T.K. Woo and D.W. Bruno (eds.) Fish Diseases and Disorders Vol. 3: Viral, bacterial and fungal infections. CABI Int'l. (Ref. 48851) FB-Habitat-492 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2010-04-06 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=492 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution benthopelagic; oceanodromous (Ref. 51243); brackish; marine; depth range 15 - 420 m (Ref. 58426), usually ? - 55 m (Ref. 53006) Riede, K. 2004 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p. (Ref. 51243) Coad, B.W. and J.D. Reist 2004 Annotated list of the arctic marine fishes of Canada. Can. MS Rep. Fish Aquat. Sci. 2674:iv:+112 p. (Ref. 58426) Haedrich, R.L. 2003 Stromateidae. Butterfishes (harvestfishes). p. 1879-1884. In K.E. Carpenter (ed.) FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Atlantic. Vol. 3: Bony fishes part 2 (Opistognathidae to Molidae), sea turtles and marine mammals. (Ref. 53006)