FB-4785 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4785 Animalia Chordata Teleostei Cypriniformes Leuciscidae Pimephales Pimephales promelas Rafinesque, 1820 Jeleček velkohlavý Tykhovedet elritse Tyrehoved Fettköpfige Elritze Black-head minnow Fathead minnow Rosey reds Tüse tömpnina Paksupäämutu Tête de boule Tête-de-boule Knölskallelöja Carpita cabezona Mino cabezón Tolstoglavi pisanec 胖头鱥 胖頭鱥 Cliola smithii Evermann & Cox, 1896 Colistus parietalis Cope, 1871 Hyborhynchus confertus Girard, 1856 Hyborhynchus nigellus Cope, 1875 Hyborhynchus puniceus Girard, 1856 Pimephales agassizii Cope, 1867 Pimephales anuli Kendall, 1903 Pimephales fasciatus Girard, 1856 Pimephales maculosus Girard, 1856 Pimephales milesii Cope, 1865 Pimephales promelas harveyensis Hubbs & Lagler, 1949 Pimephales promelas promelas Rafinesque, 1820 Pimephalus promelas Rafinesque, 1820 Plargyrus melanocephalus Abbott, 1860 1991-11-28 2024-01-15 Welcomme, R.L.0 International introductions of inland aquatic species. 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Tonn0 Natural disturbance and fish: local and regional influences on winterkill of fathead minnows in boreal lakes. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 132:289-298. (Ref. 77054) Brown, G.E., D.P. Chivers and R.J.F. Smith0 Fathead Minnows avoid conspecific and heterospecific alarm pheromones in the feces of northern pike. J. Fish Biol. 47(3):387-393. (Ref. 77059) Kusch, R.C., R.S. Mirza and D.P. Chivers0 Making sense of predator scents: investigating the sophistication of predator assessment abilities of fathead minnows. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 55:551-555. (Ref. 77062) Chivers, D.P. and R.J.F. Smith0 The role of experience and chemical alarm signalling in predator recognition by fathead minnows, <i>Pimephales promelas</i>. J. Fish Biol. 44(2):273-285. (Ref. 77066) Chivers, D.P. and R.J.F. Smith0 Free-living fathead minnows rapidly learn to recognize pike as predators. J. Fish Biol. 46(6):949-954. (Ref. 77067) Chivers, D.P. and R.J.F. Smith0 Fathead minnows (<i>Pimephales promelas</i>) learn to recognize chemical stimuli from high-risk habitats by the presence of alarm substance. Behavioral Ecology 6:155-158. (Ref. 77068) Missouri Department of Conservation0 Fish of Missouri. Missouri Department of Conservation. (Ref. 78789) Lieb, C.S.0 Annotated checklist of the fishes of the Rio Grande drainage, Dona Ana, El Paso, and Hudspeth counties. Centennial Museum, University of Texas at El Paso. (Ref. 78807) Nelson, J.S. and M.J. Paetz0 The fishes of Alberta. 2nd edit. Edmonton (AB, Canada): The University of Alberta Press. (Ref. 78981) Rempel, L.L. and D.G. Smith0 Postglacial fish dispersal from the Mississippi refuge to the Mackenzie River basin. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 55:893-899. (Ref. 78982) Hassan-Williams, C., T.H. Bonner and C. Thomas (photogr.)0 Texas freshwater fishes. Texas State University-San Marcos: Biology Department/ Aquatic Station. (Ref. 79012) Verreycken, H., D. Anseeuw, G. Van Thuyne, P. 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In J.F. Craig (ed.). Freshwater Fisheries Ecology. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 899p. (Ref. 119194) Dean, E.M., A.R. Cooper, L. Wang, W. Daniel, S. David, C. Ernzen, K.B. Gido, E Hale, T.J. Haxton, W. Kelso, N. Leonard, C. Lido, J. Margraf, M. Porter, C. Pennock, D. Propst, J. Ross, M.D. Staudinger, G. Whelan and D.M. Infante0 The North American Freshwater Migratory Fish Database (NAFMFD): Characterizing the migratory life histories of freshwater fishes of Canada, the United States of Mexico. J. Biogeography 49:1193-1203. (Ref. 126106) Marčeta, B. and K. Pliberšek (eds)0 BiosWeb. Biological database of the Fisheries Research Institute of Slovenia. Ljubljana, Fisheries Research Institute of Slovenia, 2014. (www.biosweb.org. updated 13/04/2023). (Ref. 128520) WDNR, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources0 Wisconsin Fish Species List.. World Wide Web electronic publication, Accessed 05 Oct. 2024. Madison (USA, WI): Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, 6 p. https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/sites/default/files/topic/Fishing/Species_wifish.pdf (Ref. 132215) Price, S.A., S.T. Friedman, K.A. Corn, O. Larouche, K. Brockelsby, A.J. Lee, M. Nagaraj, N.G. Bertrand, M. Danao, M.C. Coyne, J.R. Estrada, R. Friedman, E. Hoeft, M. Iwan, D. Gross, J.H. Kao, B. Landry, M.J. Linares, C. McGlinn and …0 FishShapes v1: Functionally relevant measurements of teleost shape and size on three dimensions. Ecology 103(e3829):1-2. (Ref. 137577) FB-GeneralDescr-4785 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1991-11-28 00:00:00 2025-12-04 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4785 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Diseases Adults inhabit muddy pools of headwaters, creeks, small rivers, and ponds (Ref. 5723, 86798). Also found in lakes (Ref. 10294). Can tolerate conditions (e.g., turbid, hot, poorly oxygenated, intermittent streams) unsuitable for most fishes (Ref. 5723, 86798). They feed on detritus and algae (Ref. 10294). Spawning occurs in still-water habitats along shores (Ref. 59043). Introductions consequently caused the spread of the enteric red-mouth disease throughout northern Europe which infected wild and cultured trouts and eels (Ref. 1739). Maintained a relatively high metabolic rate and level of activity under hypoxic conditions (Ref. 77050). Individuals that survived the hypoxic conditions during winter had rapid growth rates after ice-off (Ref. 77048). Page, L.M. and B.M. Burr 2011 A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Boston : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 663p. (Ref. 86798) FB-DiagnosticDescr-4785 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Frédéric Busson 2003-09-25 00:00:00 2012-11-30 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4785 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat The only species of genus introduced to Europe which differs from other cyprinid species in Europe by the following characters: prominent pad of spongy tissue on nape in males; dorsal fin origin about above pelvic fin origin; anal fin with 7½ branched rays; second simple dorsal ray spinous, about 50% length of the third one; lateral line incomplete, usually not reaching dorsal origin; weak midlateral stripe; 41-54 + 2 scales in midlateral row; and mouth terminal (Ref. 59043). Keith, P. and J. Allardi (coords.) 2001 Atlas des poissons d'eau douce de France. Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris. Patrimoines naturels, 47:1-387. (Ref. 40476) FB-Morphology-4785 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Frédéric Busson 2003-09-25 00:00:00 2012-11-30 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4785 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Dorsal spines (total): 0; Dorsal soft rays (total): 8; Analspines: 0; Analsoft rays: 7 Keith, P. and J. Allardi (coords.) 2001 Atlas des poissons d'eau douce de France. Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris. Patrimoines naturels, 47:1-387. (Ref. 40476) FB-Distribution-4785 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1991-11-28 00:00:00 2017-09-06 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4785 North and Central America: Over much of North America from Quebec to Northwest Territories and British Columbia in Canada and south to Alabama, Texas in USA, and Mexico. Widely introduced, including in Colorado River drainage in Arizona and New Mexico, USA. Not present on Atlantic and Gulf slopes between Potomac River in Virginia and Trinity River in Texas. Several countries report adverse ecological impact after introduction. Page, L.M. and B.M. Burr 2011 A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Boston : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 663p. (Ref. 86798) FB-Uses-4785 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1991-11-28 00:00:00 2025-12-04 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4785 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size fisheries: commercial; aquarium: commercial; bait: usually FB-LifeCycle-4785 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Armi G. Torres 1991-11-28 00:00:00 2025-12-04 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=4785&StockCode=5009 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats "Males defend territories and eggs, and clean plants, stone or other materials by rubbing them with the spongy nape pad and dorsal fin, which contain mucus-secreting cells and taste buds. The mucus may have fungicidal properties" (Ref. 59043). Balon, E.K. 1975 Reproductive guilds of fishes: a proposal and definition. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 32(6):821-864. (Ref. 26281) FB-TrophicStrategy-4785 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Pascualita Sa-a 1997-04-08 00:00:00 2008-07-17 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public promelas http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Inhabits muddy pools of headwaters, creeks and small rivers. Also found in ponds. Tolerates unsuitable conditions (e.g., turbid, hot, poorly oxygenated, intermittent streams). Interannual population density varied dramatically in response to the severity of the preceding winter for species inhabiting boreal lakes in Alberta, Canada (Ref. 77054). Populations from two shallow lakes repeatedly winterkilled, 47-94% post winterkill declines in density, increased growth rates of the surviving fish (Ref. 77054). Maintained a relatively high metabolic rate and level of activity under hypoxic conditions (Ref. 77050). Individuals that survived the hypoxic conditions during winter had rapid growth rates after ice-off (Ref. 77048). Responds to visual and chemical cues of northern pike, Esox lucius. Species found in naturally predator-free waters learned to avoid the 'scent' of introduced pike faster than the sight of them (Ref. 77049). Anti-predator responses by fathead minnows increased with higher concentrations of chemical "odor" emitted from northern pike. More frightened by the cues of smaller-sized pike, which may pose a greater predation threat than larger pike (Ref. 77062). Scott, W.B. and E.J. Crossman 1973 Freshwater fishes of Canada. Bull. Fish. Res. Board Can. 184: xi+1-966. (Ref. 1998) FB-Size-4785 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1991-11-28 00:00:00 2025-12-04 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4785 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#DiagnosticDescription 10.1 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 10294)); max. reported age: 5 years (Ref. 58435) Etnier, D.A. and W.C. Starnes 1993 The fishes of Tennessee. The University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA. (pls. check date). (Ref. 10294) Danylchuk, A.J. and W.M. Tonn 2006 Natural disturbance and life history: consequences of winterkill on fathead minnow on boreal lakes. J. Fish Biol. 68(3):681-694. (Ref. 58435) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Diseases-4785-11 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2004-03-17 00:00:00 2004-03-17 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=4785&StockCode=5009 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Enteric Redmouth Disease. Bacterial diseases Horne, M.T. and A.C. Barnes 1999 Enteric redmouth disease (<i>Yersinia ruckeri</i>). p.455-477. In P.T.K. Woo and D.W. Bruno (eds.) Fish Diseases and Disorders, Vol. 3: Viral, Bacterial and Fungal Infections. CAB Int'l. (Ref. 48849) FB-Habitat-4785 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1991-11-28 00:00:00 2025-12-04 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4785 demersal; non-migratory (Ref. 126106); freshwater Dean, E.M., A.R. Cooper, L. Wang, W. Daniel, S. David, C. Ernzen, K.B. Gido, E Hale, T.J. Haxton, W. Kelso, N. Leonard, C. Lido, J. Margraf, M. Porter, C. Pennock, D. Propst, J. Ross, M.D. Staudinger, G. Whelan and D.M. Infante 2022 The North American Freshwater Migratory Fish Database (NAFMFD): Characterizing the migratory life histories of freshwater fishes of Canada, the United States of Mexico. J. Biogeography 49:1193-1203. (Ref. 126106)