FB-4698 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4698 Animalia Chordata Teleostei Acanthuriformes Scatophagidae Scatophagus Scatophagus argus (Linnaeus, 1766) Pingaw Chubei Zarook Argus Bushami Bishtara বিশতারা Bayang Kikiro Kitang Nga-khet Nga-pathown Kikilo Kitong Almindelig argusfisk Plettet argusfisk Argusfisch Gemeiner Argusfisch Grüner Argusfisch Argus fish Butter fish Butterfish Common scat Leopard scat Mia mia Mia-mia Scat Spade fish Spadefish Spotted butter fish Spotted butterfish Spotted butter-fish Spotted scad Spotted scat Tiger butterfish Tiger seat Harilik roojakala Baba Spotted scad veita kau Vetakau Arguskala Pavillon tacheté Kaski Sungeli Vada કસ્કી  વડા  સુંગેલી  Quequero Tikero Kurohoshimanjûdai クロホシマンジュウダイ Baraayi Chandar ಚಂದರ್  ಬುರಾಯಿ Bannsire 납작돔 Nachikarimeen Nutchar-char നുച്ചര് ചാര്  നച്ചി കരിമീന് Kaski Vadda कासकी वादा Bat hu Bidang Kendang Keper Kertang Ketang Ketang-ketang Kitang Argus Argusfisk Sipili சீப்பீளீ  சிப்பிலி Chitsillo Eesputti ఈసపుట్టి  చిట్సిల్లొ  Kikiro Kitang Samaral Takrap ตะกรับ Cá nào Cá nau Cá Nâu Cá Nầu Cá nú Pingo manchado Akikiro Baladhan Buurrun Buurrunbul Gam ku Ilattiya Kapiged Kero kero Kikero Lanbia Lankia Malaga Ngi-ni-ngisi Ngisi-ngisi Peebe Pingo Titang 变身苦 金錢魚 金钱鱼 金鼓 黑星银 Chaetodon argus Linnaeus, 1766 Chaetodon atromaculatus Bennett, 1830 Chaetodon pairatalis Hamilton, 1822 Ephippus argus (Linnaeus, 1766) Sargus maculatus Gronow, 1854 Scatophagus aetatevarians De Vis, 1884 Scatophagus argus argus (Linnaeus, 1766) Scatophagus argus ocellata Klunzinger, 1880 Scatophagus argus var. rubrifrons Myers , 1936 Scatophagus bougainvillii Cuvier, 1831 Scatophagus maculatus (Gronow, 1854) Scatophagus ornatus Cuvier, 1831 Scatophagus purpurascens Cuvier, 1831 Scatophagus quadranus De Vis, 1882 Scatophagus quadratus De Vis, 1882 Scatophagus rubrifrons Myers , 1936 1991-11-04 2023-03-31 ASIH (American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists)0 Ontogeny and systematics of fishes. 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Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4698 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Scarg_j0.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Scarg_j0.gif FB-pic-4698-34137 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif FAO 2002-09-03 2002-09-11 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4698 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Scarg_j1.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Scarg_j1.gif FB-pic-4698-35856 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif FAO 2003-02-19 2008-07-03 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4698 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Scarg_u1.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Scarg_u1.gif FB-pic-4698-44552 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Information Center Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences 2006-04-11 2008-07-25 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4698 http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Scarg_u8.jpg http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/jpg/tn_Scarg_u8.jpg FB-GeneralDescr-4698 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1991-11-04 00:00:00 2025-12-19 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4698 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Adults inhabit harbors, natural embayments, brackish estuaries and the lower reaches of freshwater streams, frequently occurring among mangroves. They feed on worms, crustaceans, insects and plant matter (Ref. 7020, 44894, 48637). The dorsal, anal and pelvic spines are believed by Philippine fishers to be venomous and capable of inflicting wounds (Ref. 6565). Used in Chinese medicine (Ref. 12166). In Hong Kong live fish markets (Ref. 27253). Marketed as fresh (Ref. 12693). Allen, G.R. 1984 Scatophagidae. In W. Fischer and G. Bianchi (eds.) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Indian Ocean (Fishing Area 51). volume 4. [var. pag.]. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 3489) FB-DiagnosticDescr-4698 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Cristina V. Garilao 1995-09-05 00:00:00 2005-01-24 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4698 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Ground colour greenish. Juveniles with a few large roundish blotches, about size of eye, or with about 5 or 6 broad, dark, vertical bars. In large adults, spots may be faint and restricted to dorsal part of flanks. Body quadrangular, strongly compressed. Dorsal head profile steep. Eye moderately large, its diameter somewhat smaller than snout length. Snout rounded. Mouth small, horizontal, not protractile. Teeth villiform, in several rows on jaws (ref 43044). Myers, R.F. 1991 Micronesian reef fishes. Second Ed. Coral Graphics, Barrigada, Guam. 298 p. (Ref. 1602) FB-Morphology-4698 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Cristina V. Garilao 1995-09-05 00:00:00 2005-01-24 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4698 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Dorsal spines (total): 10 - 11; Dorsal soft rays (total): 16 - 18; Analspines: 4; Analsoft rays: 13 - 15 Myers, R.F. 1991 Micronesian reef fishes. Second Ed. Coral Graphics, Barrigada, Guam. 298 p. (Ref. 1602) FB-Distribution-4698 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1991-11-04 00:00:00 2024-02-12 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4698 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Indo-Pacific: Kuwait to Fiji, north to southern Japan, south to New Caledonia. Reported from Samoa (Ref. 9710), Tonga (Ref. 53797), and the Society Islands (Ref. 2847). Myers, R.F. 1991 Micronesian reef fishes. Second Ed. Coral Graphics, Barrigada, Guam. 298 p. (Ref. 1602) FB-Uses-4698 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1991-11-04 00:00:00 2025-12-19 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4698 fisheries: minor commercial; aquaculture: commercial; aquarium: commercial; price category: low; price reliability: questionable: based on ex-vessel price for species in this genus Allen, G.R. 1984 Scatophagidae. In W. Fischer and G. Bianchi (eds.) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Indian Ocean (Fishing Area 51). volume 4. [var. pag.]. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 3489) Liao, C.-I., H.-M. Su and E.Y. Chang 2001 Techniques in finfish larviculture in Taiwan. Aquaculture 200(2001):1-31. (Ref. 40297) Mills, D. and G. Vevers 1989 The Tetra encyclopedia of freshwater tropical aquarium fishes. Tetra Press, New Jersey. 208 p. (Ref. 7020) FB-Migration-4698 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1991-11-04 00:00:00 2025-12-19 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4698 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Amphidromous. Refers to fishes that regularly migrate between freshwater and the sea (in both directions), but not for the purpose of breeding, as in anadromous and catadromous species. Sub-division of diadromous. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km.Characteristic elements in amphidromy are: reproduction in fresh water, passage to sea by newly hatched larvae, a period of feeding and growing at sea usually a few months long, return to fresh water of well-grown juveniles, a further period of feeding and growing in fresh water, followed by reproduction there (Ref. 82692). Dean, E.M., A.R. Cooper, L. Wang, W. Daniel, S. David, C. Ernzen, K.B. Gido, E Hale, T.J. Haxton, W. Kelso, N. Leonard, C. Lido, J. Margraf, M. Porter, C. Pennock, D. Propst, J. Ross, M.D. Staudinger, G. Whelan and D.M. Infante 2022 The North American Freshwater Migratory Fish Database (NAFMFD): Characterizing the migratory life histories of freshwater fishes of Canada, the United States of Mexico. J. Biogeography 49:1193-1203. (Ref. 126106) FB-LifeCycle-4698 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Christine Marie V. Casal 1991-11-04 00:00:00 2025-12-19 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=4698&StockCode=4919 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Multiple spawner (Ref. 102820). Cai, Z., Y. Wang, J. Hu, J.. Zhang and Y. Lin 2010 Reproductive biology of <i>Scatophagus argus</i> and artificial induction of spawning. J. Trop. Oceanogr. 2010(5): (Ref. 102820) FB-TrophicStrategy-4698 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Pascualita Sa-a 1996-11-25 00:00:00 2018-04-04 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public argus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Also feeds on microalgae (Ref. 11889). Inhabits harbors, natural embayments, brackish estuaries and the lower reaches of freshwater streams, frequently occurring among mangroves. Feeds on worms, crustaceans, insects and plant matter (Ref. 7020). Also Ref. 58652. Mills, D. and G. Vevers 1989 The Tetra encyclopedia of freshwater tropical aquarium fishes. Tetra Press, New Jersey. 208 p. (Ref. 7020) FB-Size-4698 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1991-11-04 00:00:00 2025-12-19 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4698 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution 45.0 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 108711)) Hussain, S.M., R. Paperno and Z. Khatoon 2010 Length-weight relationships of fishes collected from the Korangi-Phitti Creek area (Indus delta, northern Arabian Sea). J. Appl. Ichthyol. 26:477-480. (Ref. 108711) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Diseases-4698-1156 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2003-10-08 00:00:00 2003-12-10 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=4698&StockCode=4919 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Amphileptus Infection. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Bassleer, G. 2003 The new ilustrated guide to fish diseases in ornamental tropical and pond fish. Bassleer Biofish, Stationstraat 130, 2235 Westmeerbeek, Belgium, 1st Edition, 232 p. (Ref. 48502) FB-Diseases-4698-543 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2002-10-16 00:00:00 2002-10-16 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=4698&StockCode=4919 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Amyloodinium Disease. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Arthur, J.R. and S. Lumanlan-Mayo 1997 Checklist of the parasites of fishes of the Philippines. FAO Fish. Tech. Pap. 369, 102 p. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 26129) FB-Diseases-4698-733 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2003-09-08 00:00:00 2003-09-08 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=4698&StockCode=4919 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Bacterial Infections (general). Bacterial diseases Bassleer, G. 1997 Color guide of tropical fish diseases: on freshwater fish. Bassleer Biofish, Westmeerbeek, Belgium. 272 p. (Ref. 41805) FB-Diseases-4698-225 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2002-07-30 00:00:00 2002-10-16 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=4698&StockCode=4919 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Caligus Infestation 1. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Arthur, J.R. and S. Lumanlan-Mayo 1997 Checklist of the parasites of fishes of the Philippines. FAO Fish. Tech. Pap. 369, 102 p. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 26129) FB-Diseases-4698-4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2003-09-22 00:00:00 2003-11-18 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=4698&StockCode=4919 Cauliflower Disease. Viral diseases Bassleer, G. 2003 The new ilustrated guide to fish diseases in ornamental tropical and pond fish. Bassleer Biofish, Stationstraat 130, 2235 Westmeerbeek, Belgium, 1st Edition, 232 p. (Ref. 48502) FB-Diseases-4698-32 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2003-09-08 00:00:00 2003-09-08 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=4698&StockCode=4919 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Dactylogyrus Gill Flukes Disease. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Bassleer, G. 1997 Color guide of tropical fish diseases: on freshwater fish. Bassleer Biofish, Westmeerbeek, Belgium. 272 p. (Ref. 41805) FB-Diseases-4698-546 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2002-10-16 00:00:00 2002-10-16 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=4698&StockCode=4919 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Filisoma Infestation. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Arthur, J.R. and S. Lumanlan-Mayo 1997 Checklist of the parasites of fishes of the Philippines. FAO Fish. Tech. Pap. 369, 102 p. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 26129) FB-Diseases-4698-409 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2003-11-18 00:00:00 2003-11-18 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=4698&StockCode=4919 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Ichthyobodo Infection. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Bassleer, G. 2003 The new ilustrated guide to fish diseases in ornamental tropical and pond fish. Bassleer Biofish, Stationstraat 130, 2235 Westmeerbeek, Belgium, 1st Edition, 232 p. (Ref. 48502) FB-Diseases-4698-395 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2002-10-16 00:00:00 2002-10-16 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=4698&StockCode=4919 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Procerovum Infestation 1. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Arthur, J.R. and S. Lumanlan-Mayo 1997 Checklist of the parasites of fishes of the Philippines. FAO Fish. Tech. Pap. 369, 102 p. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 26129) FB-Diseases-4698-376 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2002-10-16 00:00:00 2002-10-16 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=4698&StockCode=4919 Transversotrema Infestation. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Arthur, J.R. and S. Lumanlan-Mayo 1997 Checklist of the parasites of fishes of the Philippines. FAO Fish. Tech. Pap. 369, 102 p. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 26129) FB-Diseases-4698-58 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2002-07-22 00:00:00 2002-07-22 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=4698&StockCode=4919 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Trichodinosis. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Arthur, J.R. and S. Lumanlan-Mayo 1997 Checklist of the parasites of fishes of the Philippines. FAO Fish. Tech. Pap. 369, 102 p. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 26129) FB-Diseases-4698-1155 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2003-11-18 00:00:00 2003-12-10 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=4698&StockCode=4919 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Velvet Disease 2 (Piscinoodinium sp.). Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Bassleer, G. 2003 The new ilustrated guide to fish diseases in ornamental tropical and pond fish. Bassleer Biofish, Stationstraat 130, 2235 Westmeerbeek, Belgium, 1st Edition, 232 p. (Ref. 48502) FB-Diseases-4698-159 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2003-10-06 00:00:00 2003-10-06 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=4698&StockCode=4919 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Velvet Disease. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Bassleer, G. 2003 The new ilustrated guide to fish diseases in ornamental tropical and pond fish. Bassleer Biofish, Stationstraat 130, 2235 Westmeerbeek, Belgium, 1st Edition, 232 p. (Ref. 48502) FB-Diseases-4698-545 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2002-10-16 00:00:00 2002-10-16 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=4698&StockCode=4919 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Waretrema Infestation. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Arthur, J.R. and S. Lumanlan-Mayo 1997 Checklist of the parasites of fishes of the Philippines. FAO Fish. Tech. Pap. 369, 102 p. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 26129) FB-Habitat-4698 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1991-11-04 00:00:00 2025-12-19 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4698 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Uses demersal; amphidromous (Ref. 126106); freshwater; brackish; marine; depth range 0 - 5 m (Ref. 90102) Dean, E.M., A.R. Cooper, L. Wang, W. Daniel, S. David, C. Ernzen, K.B. Gido, E Hale, T.J. Haxton, W. Kelso, N. Leonard, C. Lido, J. Margraf, M. Porter, C. Pennock, D. Propst, J. Ross, M.D. Staudinger, G. Whelan and D.M. Infante 2022 The North American Freshwater Migratory Fish Database (NAFMFD): Characterizing the migratory life histories of freshwater fishes of Canada, the United States of Mexico. J. Biogeography 49:1193-1203. (Ref. 126106) Allen, G.R. and M.V. Erdmann 2012 Reef fishes of the East Indies. Perth, Australia: Universitiy of Hawai'i Press, Volumes I-III. Tropical Reef Research. (Ref. 90102)