FB-4663 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4663 Animalia Chordata Teleostei Synbranchiformes Synbranchidae Monopterus Monopterus albus (Zuiew, 1793) Risål Ostasiatischer Kiemenschlitzaal Asian swamp eel Belut Lai Rice (paddy) field eel Rice eel Rice paddy eel Rice swampeel Swamp eel Harilik riisiangerjas Suoankerias Täpläkutsa Welut Ta-unagi タウナギ 드렁허리 Belut Belobryukhiy ugor' Угорь рисовый (=флюта белая) Risål Lai Pla lai ปลาไหล Con lu'o'n Luon Lươn Lươn đồng Andtong beng Antong Belut Boluk Ian I'en Pa lai 鳝鱼 黃鱔 Wong sin 黄鳝 Aptergia immaculata Basilewsky, 1855 Aptergia nigromaculata Basilewsky, 1855 Apterigia immaculata Basilewsky, 1855 Apterigia nigromaculata Basilewsky, 1855 Apterigia saccogularis Basilewsky, 1855 Fluta alba (Zuiew, 1793) Gymnotus albus Zuiew, 1789 Monopterus alba (Zuiew, 1793) Monopterus cinereus (McClelland, 1844) Monopterus helvolus Richardson, 1846 Monopterus javanensis Lacepède, 1800 Monopterus javanicus Lacepède, 1800 Monopterus laevis (Lacepède, 1803) Monopterus marmoratus Richardson, 1846 Monopterus xanthognathus (Richardson, 1845) Muraena alba Zuiew, 1793 Ophicardia phayriana McClelland, 1844 Ophicardia phyariana McClelland, 1844 Ophicardia xanthognatha (Richardson, 1845) Pneumabranchus cinereus McClelland, 1844 Symbranchus grammicus Cantor, 1842 Synbranchus grammicus Cantor, 1842 Synbranchus xanthognathus Richardson, 1845 Unibranchapertura laevis Lacepède, 1803 1991-10-21 2024-01-15 Breder, C.M. and D.E. 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Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4663 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Moalb_u0.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Moalb_u0.gif FB-pic-4663-44442 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Information Center Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences 2006-04-10 2006-04-10 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4663 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Moalb_u1.jpg http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/jpg/tn_Moalb_u1.jpg FB-pic-4663-50823 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Information Center Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences 2009-04-21 2009-04-30 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4663 http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Moalb_u2.jpg http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/jpg/tn_Moalb_u2.jpg FB-pic-4663-50824 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Information Center Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences 2009-04-21 2009-04-30 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4663 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Moalb_u3.jpg http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/jpg/tn_Moalb_u3.jpg FB-pic-4663-50825 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Information Center Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences 2009-04-21 2009-04-30 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4663 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Moalb_u4.jpg http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/jpg/tn_Moalb_u4.jpg FB-GeneralDescr-4663 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1991-10-21 00:00:00 2025-12-15 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4663 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Found in hill streams to lowland wetlands (Ref. 57235) often occurring in ephemeral waters (Ref. 44894). Adults are found in medium to large rivers, flooded fields and stagnant waters including sluggish flowing canals (Ref. 12975, 12693), in streamlets and estuaries (Ref. 41236). Benthic (Ref. 58302), burrowing in moist earth in dry season surviving for long periods without water (Ref 2686). Occasionally dug out in old taro fields, in Hawaii, long after the field has been drained; more frequently observed in stream clearing operations using heavy equipment to remove large amounts of silt and vegetation where the eels are hidden (Ref. 44091). Nocturnal predators devouring fishes, worms, crustaceans, and other small aquatic animals (Ref. 44091); also feed on detritus. Are protandrous hermaphrodites. The male guards and builds nest or burrow (Ref. 205). Marketed fresh and can be kept alive for long periods of time as long as the skin is kept moist (Ref. 12693). Good flesh (Ref. 2686). Important fisheries throughout Southeast Asia (Ref. 57235). Talwar, P.K. and A.G. Jhingran 1991 Inland fishes of India and adjacent countries. Volume 2. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, i-xxii + 543-1158, 1 pl. (Ref. 4833) FB-DiagnosticDescr-4663 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1999-01-20 00:00:00 2005-01-24 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4663 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Anguilliform body; no scales; no pectoral and pelvic fins; dorsal, caudal and anal fins confluent and reduced to a skin fold; gill openings merged into single slit underneath the head (Ref. 27732). Rice paddy eels are red to brown with a sprinkling of dark flecks across their backs; large mouths and small eyes (Ref. 44091). Kottelat, M. 1998 Fishes of the Nam Theun and Xe Bangfai basins, Laos, with diagnoses of twenty-two new species (Teleostei: Cyprinidae, Balitoridae, Cobitidae, Coiidae and Odontobutidae). Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwat. 9(1):1-128. (Ref. 27732) FB-Distribution-4663 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1991-10-21 00:00:00 2018-09-24 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4663 Asia: India to China, Japan, Malaysia and Indonesia. Probably occurring in Bangladesh. Talwar, P.K. and A.G. Jhingran 1991 Inland fishes of India and adjacent countries. Volume 2. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, i-xxii + 543-1158, 1 pl. (Ref. 4833) FB-Uses-4663 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1991-10-21 00:00:00 2025-12-15 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4663 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size fisheries: commercial; aquaculture: commercial; aquarium: commercial Talwar, P.K. and A.G. Jhingran 1991 Inland fishes of India and adjacent countries. Volume 2. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, i-xxii + 543-1158, 1 pl. (Ref. 4833) Garibaldi, L. 1996 List of animal species used in aquaculture. FAO Fish. Circ. 914. 38 p. (Ref. 12108) U.S. Geological Survey 1998 USGS scientists find new invasive fish species in Florida. E-mail (personal communication), 3 p. (Ref. 26913) FB-Migration-4663 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1991-10-21 00:00:00 2025-12-15 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4663 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Potamodromous. Migrating within streams, migratory in rivers, e.g. Saliminus, Moxostoma, Labeo. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km. Dean, E.M., A.R. Cooper, L. Wang, W. Daniel, S. David, C. Ernzen, K.B. Gido, E Hale, T.J. Haxton, W. Kelso, N. Leonard, C. Lido, J. Margraf, M. Porter, C. Pennock, D. Propst, J. Ross, M.D. Staudinger, G. Whelan and D.M. Infante 2022 The North American Freshwater Migratory Fish Database (NAFMFD): Characterizing the migratory life histories of freshwater fishes of Canada, the United States of Mexico. J. Biogeography 49:1193-1203. (Ref. 126106) FB-LifeCycle-4663 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Tom Froese 1991-10-21 00:00:00 2025-12-15 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=4663&StockCode=4880 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Male builds a large free-floating bubblenest among the submerged vegetation close to the shoreline; eggs are spat into the nest after being laid; male guards the nest and continues to guard the young after hatching till they are on their own (Ref. 44091). Spawning occurs in shallow water (Ref. 2060). Sex reversal is completed in 8-30 weeks (Ref. 34260). Sadovy, Y. and D.Y. Shapiro 1987 Criteria for the diagnosis of hermaphroditism in fishes. Copeia 1987(1):136-156. (Ref. 34185) FB-TrophicStrategy-4663 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Pascualita Sa-a 2000-06-07 00:00:00 2015-09-22 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public albus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Found in several types of wetlands from hillstreams to lowland swamps and rice paddy field (Ref. 94495). Yang, D., F. Chen, D. Li and B. Liu 1997 Preliminary study on the food composition of mud eel,<i>Monopterus albus</i>. Acta Hydrobiol. Sin. 21(1):24-30. (Ref. 34202) FB-Size-4663 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1991-10-21 00:00:00 2025-12-15 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4663 100.0 cm SL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 2686)) Davidson, A. 1975 Fish and fish dishes of Laos. Imprimerie Nationale Vientiane. 202 p. (Ref. 2686) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Diseases-4663-1393 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2004-12-08 00:00:00 2004-12-08 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=4663&StockCode=4880 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Dentiphilometra Infestation. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Moravec, F., P. Nie and G. Wang 2003 Some nematodes of fishes from central China, with the redescription of <i>Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) fulvidraconis</i> (Camallanidae). Folia Parasitol. 50:20-230. (Ref. 52551) FB-Diseases-4663-1395 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2004-12-08 00:00:00 2004-12-08 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=4663&StockCode=4880 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Eustrongylides Disease (larvae). Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Moravec, F., P. Nie and G. Wang 2003 Some nematodes of fishes from central China, with the redescription of <i>Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) fulvidraconis</i> (Camallanidae). Folia Parasitol. 50:20-230. (Ref. 52551) FB-Diseases-4663-484 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2002-09-20 00:00:00 2002-09-20 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=4663&StockCode=4880 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Pallisentis Infestation. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Arthur, J.R. and S. Lumanlan-Mayo 1997 Checklist of the parasites of fishes of the Philippines. FAO Fish. Tech. Pap. 369, 102 p. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 26129) FB-Diseases-4663-1394 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2004-12-08 00:00:00 2004-12-08 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=4663&StockCode=4880 Proleptinae Disease (general sp. larvae). Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Moravec, F., P. Nie and G. Wang 2003 Some nematodes of fishes from central China, with the redescription of <i>Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) fulvidraconis</i> (Camallanidae). Folia Parasitol. 50:20-230. (Ref. 52551) FB-Diseases-4663-342 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2002-07-22 00:00:00 2002-09-20 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=4663&StockCode=4880 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Trypanosoma Infection. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Arthur, J.R. and S. Lumanlan-Mayo 1997 Checklist of the parasites of fishes of the Philippines. FAO Fish. Tech. Pap. 369, 102 p. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 26129) FB-Habitat-4663 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1991-10-21 00:00:00 2025-12-15 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4663 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats demersal; potamodromous (Ref. 126106); freshwater; brackish; depth range 3 - ? m (Ref. 2686) Dean, E.M., A.R. Cooper, L. Wang, W. Daniel, S. David, C. Ernzen, K.B. Gido, E Hale, T.J. Haxton, W. Kelso, N. Leonard, C. Lido, J. Margraf, M. Porter, C. Pennock, D. Propst, J. Ross, M.D. Staudinger, G. Whelan and D.M. Infante 2022 The North American Freshwater Migratory Fish Database (NAFMFD): Characterizing the migratory life histories of freshwater fishes of Canada, the United States of Mexico. J. Biogeography 49:1193-1203. (Ref. 126106) Davidson, A. 1975 Fish and fish dishes of Laos. Imprimerie Nationale Vientiane. 202 p. (Ref. 2686)