FB-4583 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4583 Animalia Chordata Teleostei Mugiliformes Mugilidae Chelon Chelon ramada (Risso, 1827) Multe Tynnleppet multe Mugil ramada Alvor Bicudo Corveo Fataça-do-Ribatejo Moleca Muge Mugem Oirives Tainha Taínha Tainha-fataça Kokdhani Kryegjati Kryeholli Kryeprefti Qefulli i vjeshtes Qefulli i vjeshtës Qerfi Vijoçi Bitoum Bouri tobara Bouri Toubar Boûry Dhehbân Tobar Muzzaru neru Hyrddyn llwyd minfain Multe Tyndlæbet multe Dünnlippen-Meeräsche Dünnlippige Meeräsche Großköpfige Dünnlippige Meeräsche Meeräsche Grey mullet Haarder Mowel Thinlip grey mullet Thinlip mullet Thin-lipped grey mullet Kitsashuul-tintkefaal Ramada kefaal Ohuthuulikeltti Gaouta-roussa Meil Meuille Meuille blanc Muge calusse Muge capiton Mujon Mulet Müsaro Mulet blanc Mulet calusse Mulet capiton Mulet porc Porc-mullet Porqua Porqué Ramada Yol nègre Kifon matzui קיפון טובר Brena Cipal balavac Crnac Plavić Šupljak Röndungur Acuccotto Batauro Botolo Caosteo Capacchiolo Caparello Caustelo Caustelon Cavastel Cefalo Cefalo calamita Cefalu Cefalu 'i caruvana Cefaluni Cefaro mazzone Cefolo Chiavon Ciefl Firzetta Garzalonghe Gevulu Lissa Mazzuni Muggine Muggine calamita Mulettu tistuni Musai Museu Terzanin Testone Varagozzu Volpino Vrànzulu Vraute Bora Mulett Mulett ta' l'imcarrat Mulett talimaćarrat Golobach Kefal Ramada Cipli Skočac balavac Multe Tunnläppad multe Ceran Ciran balığı Gularya balığı Has kefal Pulatarina Pulatarina balığı Golovach Capiton Galupe Ilisa aguda Ilisa calua negra Ilisa cap plá Lisa Lizarra Morragute Mujol Mule Muxo Sama Yama Cap-pla Dunlipharder Dunlippige harder Kephalopoulo Képhalos Llissa de cap pla Mavraki Platarin Tenkousti cipelj Γεράνι Λαγιάδα Λαυκίνος Μαυράκι Τζεράνι 薄唇鮻 薄唇鯔 薄唇鲻 Liza alosoides Fowler, 1903 Liza capito (Cuvier, 1829) Liza ramada (Risso, 1827) Liza ramado (Risso, 1827) Mugil britannicus Hancock, 1830 Mugil capito Cuvier, 1829 Mugil caustelus Nardo, 1847 Mugil cephalus ramado Risso, 1827 Mugil dubahra Valenciennes, 1836 Mugil octoradiatus (non Günther, 1861) Mugil petherici Günther, 1861 Mugil ramada Risso, 1827 Mugil ramado Risso, 1827 Myxus maroccensis Mohr, 1927 1991-07-30 2024-01-23 Russell, F.S.0 The eggs and planktonic stages of British marine fishes. 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Bertrand, M. Danao, M.C. Coyne, J.R. Estrada, R. Friedman, E. Hoeft, M. Iwan, D. Gross, J.H. Kao, B. Landry, M.J. Linares, C. McGlinn and …0 FishShapes v1: Functionally relevant measurements of teleost shape and size on three dimensions. Ecology 103(e3829):1-2. (Ref. 137577) Ordeix, M. and F. Casals0 Why and when do freshwater fish migrate? Observations of migration patterns of the native fishes from the Iberian Peninsula (SW Europe). Limnetica 43(1):9-28. (Ref. 138297) FB-pic-4583-19021 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif FAO 1999-02-06 1999-02-06 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4583 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Liram_u0.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Liram_u0.gif FB-GeneralDescr-4583 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1991-07-30 00:00:00 2025-11-25 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4583 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Adults are pelagic occurring near shore, entering lagoons and lower reaches of rivers in schools; often in polluted waters (Ref. 51442, 59043) between temperatures 8-24°C. Juveniles colonize the littoral zone and estuaries (Ref. 51442). Adults feed on epiphytic algae, detritus and small benthic or planktonic organisms, pelagic eggs and larvae while juveniles feed on zooplankton until about 3.0 cm SL, then on benthic animals and plants (Ref. 59043). Spawning takes place at sea near the coast between September and February (Ref. 30578, 51442). Oviparous, eggs are pelagic and non-adhesive (Ref. 205). Adults undergo migrations (Ref. 51442). Thomson, J.M. 1990 Mugilidae. p. 855-859. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 7399) FB-DiagnosticDescr-4583 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Frédéric Busson 2003-09-30 00:00:00 2014-04-30 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4583 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Fusiform body (Ref. 51442). Massive head, flattened above the eyes (Ref. 51442). Small mouth (Ref. 51442). Snout short and blunt (Ref. 51442). Two dorsal fins well-separated, the first with 4 to 5 spines (Ref. 40476, Ref. 51442). Pectoral fins are placed high on the flanks (Ref. 51442). Large scales (Ref. 51442). Dorsal sides and flanks gray-colored, ventral side white (Ref. 51442). Keith, P. and J. Allardi (coords.) 2001 Atlas des poissons d'eau douce de France. Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris. Patrimoines naturels, 47:1-387. (Ref. 40476) FB-Morphology-4583 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Frédéric Busson 2003-09-30 00:00:00 2014-04-30 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4583 Dorsal spines (total): 4 - 5; Dorsal soft rays (total): 7 - 10; Analspines: 3; Analsoft rays: 8 - 9 Keith, P. and J. Allardi (coords.) 2001 Atlas des poissons d'eau douce de France. Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris. Patrimoines naturels, 47:1-387. (Ref. 40476) FB-Distribution-4583 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1991-07-30 00:00:00 2025-04-16 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4583 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Migration Eastern Atlantic: from the coasts of southern Norway to Cape Verde, including the Mediterranean and the Black Sea (Ref. 2804, Ref. 51442, 116118). Records of its occurrence in tropical waters are based on misidentifications (Ref. 3573). Thomson, J.M. 1986 Mugilidae. p. 344-349. In J. Daget, J.-P. Gosse and D.F.E. Thys van den Audenaerde (eds.) Check-list of the freshwater fishes of Africa (CLOFFA). ISNB, Brussels, MRAC; Tervuren; and ORSTOM, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 3573) FB-Uses-4583 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1991-07-30 00:00:00 2025-11-25 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4583 fisheries: commercial; aquaculture: commercial; gamefish: yes Garibaldi, L. 1996 List of animal species used in aquaculture. FAO Fish. Circ. 914. 38 p. (Ref. 12108) International Game Fish Association 1991 World record game fishes. International Game Fish Association, Florida, USA. (Ref. 4699) FB-Migration-4583 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1991-07-30 00:00:00 2025-11-25 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4583 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Catadromous. Migrating from freshwater to the sea to spawn, e.g., European eels. Subdivision of diadromous. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km. Ordeix, M. and F. Casals 2024 Why and when do freshwater fish migrate? Observations of migration patterns of the native fishes from the Iberian Peninsula (SW Europe). Limnetica 43(1):9-28. (Ref. 138297) FB-LifeCycle-4583 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1991-07-30 00:00:00 2025-11-25 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=4583&StockCode=4769 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Spawning takes place at sea near the coast by gathering in groups between September and February (Ref. 51442). The eggs develop at sea (Ref. 51442). The juveniles then colonize the littoral zone and the estuaries (Ref. 51442). Adults enter the lower parts of the rivers and treturn to the sea to spawn (Ref. 51442). Maitland, P.S. and R.N. Campbell 1992 Freshwater fishes of the British Isles. HarperCollins Publishers, London.368 p. (Ref. 6258) FB-TrophicStrategy-4583 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Pascualita Sa-a 1992-12-17 00:00:00 2014-04-08 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public ramada http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Migratory species (Ref. 51442). The eggs develop in the sea and juveniles colonize the littoral zone and estuaries (Ref. 51442). The adults enter the lower parts of the rivers (Ref. 51442). They live usually inshore, entering lagoons and estuaries and rivers between temperatures 8-24°C. Feed on epiphytic algae, detritus and small benthic or planktonic organisms, pelagic eggs and larvae. Omnivorous fish feeding on the nutrients, animals and plants on the surface of the bottom or rocks (Ref. 51442). Moreira, F., C.A. Assis, P.R. Almeida, J.L. Costa and M.J. Costa 1992 Trophic relationships in the community of the Upper Tagus Estuary (Portugal: a preliminary approach. Estuar. Coast. Shelf-Sci. 34:617-623. (Ref. 4944) FB-Size-4583 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1991-07-30 00:00:00 2025-11-25 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4583 70.0 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 4645)); max. published weight: 2,900 g (Ref. 40476); max. reported age: 10 years (Ref. 40476) Muus, B. and P. Dahlström 1978 Meeresfische der Ostsee, der Nordsee, des Atlantiks. BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München. 244 p. (Ref. 4645) Keith, P. and J. Allardi (coords.) 2001 Atlas des poissons d'eau douce de France. Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris. Patrimoines naturels, 47:1-387. (Ref. 40476) Keith, P. and J. Allardi (coords.) 2001 Atlas des poissons d'eau douce de France. Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris. Patrimoines naturels, 47:1-387. (Ref. 40476) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Diseases-4583-57 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2004-03-01 00:00:00 2004-03-01 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=4583&StockCode=4769 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Epitheliocystis. Bacterial diseases Lannan, C.N., J.L. Batholomew and J.L. Fryer 1999 Chlamydial infections of fish: Epitheliocystis. p.255-267. In P.T.K. Woo and D.W. Bruno (eds.) Fish Diseases and Disorders Vol. 3: Viral, bacterial and fungal infections. CABI Int'l. (Ref. 48851) FB-Diseases-4583-1569 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2005-07-14 00:00:00 2005-07-14 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=4583&StockCode=4769 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Heterophyes Infection. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Paperna, I. 1996 Parasites, infections and diseases of fishes in Africa. An update. CIFA Tech. Pap. No. 31. 220 p. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 45600) FB-Habitat-4583 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1991-07-30 00:00:00 2025-11-25 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4583 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#DiagnosticDescription pelagic-neritic; catadromous (Ref. 138297); freshwater; brackish; marine; depth range 10 - 20 m (Ref. 30578) Ordeix, M. and F. Casals 2024 Why and when do freshwater fish migrate? Observations of migration patterns of the native fishes from the Iberian Peninsula (SW Europe). Limnetica 43(1):9-28. (Ref. 138297) Billard, R. 1997 Les poissons d'eau douce des rivières de France. Identification, inventaire et répartition des 83 espèces. Lausanne, Delachaux & Niestlé, 192p. (Ref. 30578)