FB-427 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=427 Animalia Chordata Teleostei Eupercaria/misc Sciaenidae Nibea Nibea mitsukurii (Jordan & Snyder, 1900) Granik szary Garoupa branca Garoupa Garoupa legítima Garoupa verde Garoupa-legítima Garoupa-verde Murianga Kermi vijabardhë Kern i bardhe Kerni vijabardhë Lokkos ramli Lokz ramly Loukouz Louqous Ramly Dyby Mennani Mennani abiad Mérou Mérou voleur Wakar ﻲﻧﺎﻨﻣ Hvid havaborre Weißer Zackenbarsch Common white grouper Grouper Seaperch White grouper Valgevööt-kivikoha Vööt-kivikoha Afiba Toboko Fausse morue Mérou Mérou blanc Mérou bronzé Serran d'airain Tiof Fieyu Shoi Daggar mazury Dakar hamichmoret Lokos לוקוס Kirnja bjelica Cernia bianca Cernia bronzina Cirenga Scirenga Tincuni Dott tal-faxxi Fellusa tac-cerna Kirnja Rékott Vit grouper Girida balığı Kayahanisi balığı Lahoz Lahoz balığı Taş hanisi Choff Coof Khoutch Loger Lougeer Thiof Tiof Xuoo Cherna de ley Cherne Cherne de ley Acour Arhani Bacalhau Bela kirnja Cherne Choffo Dadassou ekoué Effi Efii Efin Epinefel de arama Ewole Ebong Imang Litobo Mero Méro Merato Meru Nodiof Orousin Rikotté Sfyrida Sphyrida Toboko Βλάχος Ροφός Σφυρίδα 青銅石斑魚青铜石斑鱼 Cherna aenea (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Epinephelus aenus (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Perca robusta Couch, 1832 Serranus aeneus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817 1990-10-17 2010-04-05 Coppola, S.R., W. 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Can and I. Cengizler0 A first documented record of gnathiid infestation on white grouper (Epinephelus aeneus) in Iskenderun bay (North-Eastern M:editerranean), turkey. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 21(5):448-450. (Ref. 92639) Glamuzina, B., V. Kozul, P. Tutman and B. Skaramuca0 Hybridization of Mediterranean groupers: Epinephelus marginatus x E. aeneus and early development. Aquacult. Res. 30(8): 625-628. (Ref. 92649) Gorshkova, G.V., Y. Protas, S. Ben Atia and S. Gorshkov0 Cytogenetic examination of early embryonic development in the white grouper Epinephelus aeneus (Pisces, Serranidae). J. Appl. Ichthyol. 18(1):29-34. (Ref. 92659) Koven, W., I. Ben Atia, S. Lutzky, O. Nixon and A. Tandler0 Food particle size and photoperiod are critical factors in first feedig white grouper (Epinephelus aeneus) larvae. In Second International Symposium on the Mediterranean Groupers, Francour P., Gratiot J. (eds), Nice University publ., Nice : 109-112. (Ref. 92681) Laurans, M., Gerard, M. Barry and D. Gascuel0 Diagnostics de cinq stocks senégalais par l'approche globale (Galeoides decadactylus, Pagellus bellottii, Pseudupeneus prayensis, Sparus caeruleostictus, Epinephelus aeneus). In Evaluations des stocks démersaux en Afrique du Nord-Ouest. Travaux du Groupe 'Analyses monospecifiques' du projet SIAP, COPACE/PACE Ser., 65 : 19-28. (Ref. 92687) Laurans, M., D. Gascuel and Gerard, M. Barry0 Revue des connaissances sur la biologie du thiof (Epinephelus aeneus) et diagnostic de l'etat du stock au Sénégal. FAO/CECAF Programme for the Development of Fisheries in the Eastern Cent. Atlantic, Rome (Italy). Gascuel D., Barry M., Laurans M., and others (eds). Rome (Italy) : FAO. 55 p. (Ref. 92688) Lupatsch, I., G.W. Kissil and D. Sklan0 Comparison of energy and protein efficiency among three fish species gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata), European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and white grouper (Epinephelus aeneus) : energy expenditure for protein and lipid deposit. Aquaculture, 225(1-4):175-189. (Ref. 92702) Lupatsch, I. and G.W. Kissil0 Feed formulations based on energy and protein demands in white grouper (Epinephelus aeneus). Aquaculture, 248(1-4): 83-95. (Ref. 92703) Oezogul, F., Y. Oezogul and E. Kuley0 Nucleotide degradation and biogenic amine formation of wild white grouper (Epinephelus aeneus) stored in ice and at chill temperature (4 degree C). Food Chem., 108(3): 933-941. (Ref. 92729) Peduel, A. and B. Ron0 Influence of brackish water on survival and growth of the juvenile white grouper, Epinephelus aeneus. Isr. J. Aquacult. /Bamidgeh, 55(4): 258-264. (Ref. 92740) Samb, B. and M.D. Barry0 Synthèse des connaissances sur le Thiof Epinephelus aeneus exploité au Sénégal. In Second International Symposium on the Mediterranean Groupers, Francour P., Gratiot J. (eds), Nice University publ., Nice : 143-148. 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Diallo, S.A. Diallo, M.M. Diallo, F. Domain, A. Doumbouya, J. Le Fur, K. Solié, A. Sidibé, M. Soumah, M. Touré and S. Traoré0 Bulletin statistique des pêches, année 2000. République de Guinée, Centre National des Sciences Halieutiques de Boussoura (C.N.S.H.B.). Bull. Stat. No. 6. xxxp. (Ref. 98760) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en, [accessed 13/04/2015]. (Ref. 101110) Ulman, A., A Saad, K Zylich, D. Pauly and D. Zeller0 Reconstruction of Syria’s fisheries catches from 1950-2010: Signs of overexploitation. Acta Ichthyol. Piscat. 45(3):259-272. (Ref. 102582) eElurikkus0 eElurikkus koondab ühte portaali Eesti eluslooduse andmed. http://elurikkus.ut.ee/ (Ref. 105471) Termeki on Eesti Keele Instituudi0 Termeki on Eesti Keele Instituudi. http://term.eki.ee/termbase/view/7351963/ (Ref. 105574) Cheung, W.L., R. Watson and D. 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Retrieved from htttps://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en [accessed May, 2018] (Ref. 118272) Can, M.F., N. Basusta, M. Cekic0 Weight-length relationships for selected fish species of the small-scale fisheries off the south coast of Iskenderun Bay. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences 26(5):1181-1183. (Ref. 119334) Mehanna, S.F. and A.E. Farouk0 Length-weight relationship of 60 fish species from the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, Egypt (GFCM-GSA 26). Front. Mar. Sci. 2021. (Ref. 124816) Edelist, D.0 New length-weight relationships and Lmax values for fishes from the Southeastern Mediterranean Sea. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 30:521-526. (Ref. 127374) Martins, R. and M. Carneiro0 Manual de identificação de peixes ósseos da costa continental portuguesa. Principais características diagnosticantes. IPMA, Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, Lisboa:1-204. (Ref. 128458) Marčeta, B. and K. Pliberšek (eds)0 BiosWeb. Biological database of the Fisheries Research Institute of Slovenia. Ljubljana, Fisheries Research Institute of Slovenia, 2014. (www.biosweb.org. updated 13/04/2023). (Ref. 128520) Kwei, E.A. and D.W. Ofori-Adu0 Fishes in the coastal waters of Ghana. Comm. 2. Tema-Ghana. 124p. (Ref. 130891) Price, S.A., S.T. Friedman, K.A. Corn, O. Larouche, K. Brockelsby, A.J. Lee, M. Nagaraj, N.G. Bertrand, M. Danao, M.C. Coyne, J.R. Estrada, R. Friedman, E. Hoeft, M. Iwan, D. Gross, J.H. Kao, B. Landry, M.J. Linares, C. McGlinn and …0 FishShapes v1: Functionally relevant measurements of teleost shape and size on three dimensions. Ecology 103(e3829):1-2. (Ref. 137577) Petit-Marty, N., M. Vázquez-Luis and I.E. Hendriks0 Use of the nucleotide diversity in COI mitochondrial gene as an early diagnostic of conservation status of animal species. Conserv. Lett. 14(1):1-7. (Ref. 138103) FB-pic-426-10338 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif Robbie N. Cada 1993-07-01 2008-06-25 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Image can be freely copied and altered, as long as original author and source are properly acknowledged. http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=426 http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Epaen_u0.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Epaen_u0.gif FB-pic-426-11185 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif FAO 1996-05-25 1997-05-20 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=426 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Epaen_u1.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Epaen_u1.gif FB-GeneralDescr-426 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2024-01-22 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=426 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Adults are found on rocky or mud-sand bottom; juveniles have been taken in coastal lagoons and estuaries (Ref. 5222, 57293). In the west African waters, diet comprise of fishes (58%), stomatopods (21%), crabs (10%), and cephalopods (10%). It is a protogynous hermaphrodite. The seasonal migration of the species off the coast of Senegal is influenced by the seasonal upwelling off Senegal and Mauritania. Utilized fresh and smoked (Ref. 9987). Highly esteemed in the market of West Africa (Ref. 5377). Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall 1993 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222) FB-DiagnosticDescr-426 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rodolfo B. Reyes 1994-06-09 00:00:00 2015-03-19 21:39:42 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=426 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Diagnosis: depth of body less than head length, depth 3.0-3.6 times in SL; head length 2.5-2.9 times in SL; interorbital area convex; preopercle angular, 3.6- large spines at the angle, lowermost directed ventrally; posterior nostril slightly bigger than anterior nostril; maxilla reaches nearly to vertical at rear edge of eye; pelvic fin origin below base of pectoral fins; rounded caudal fin; body scales ctenoid (Ref. 89707).Description: body rather elongate; lower jaw prominent; teeth of inner row depressible in both jaws; scales small, slightly imbricate and embedded in the thick skin (Ref. 57293).Coloration: ground colour dark reddish-brown or greyish-green, sometimes with more or less distinct lighter crossbars; 3-4 oblique whitish lines on cheeks and gill covers (Ref. 57293). Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall 1993 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222) FB-Morphology-426 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rodolfo B. Reyes 1994-06-09 00:00:00 2015-03-19 21:39:42 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=426 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Dorsal spines (total): 10 - 11; Dorsal soft rays (total): 14 - 16; Analspines: 3; Analsoft rays: 7 - 9 Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall 1993 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222) FB-Distribution-426 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2018-02-14 04:21:34 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=426 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Uses Eastern Atlantic: along the west coast of Africa to southern Angola (Ref. 5222, 57293), including the southern Mediterranean (Ref. 5222). First record from Corsica, France in 2012 (Ref. 95840). Records from the Canary Islands and Cape Verde are unsubstantiated (Ref. 5222). Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall 1993 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222) FB-Uses-426 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2024-01-22 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=426 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#LifeCycle fisheries: commercial; aquaculture: experimental; gamefish: yes FAO 1992 FAO yearbook. Fishery statistics: catches and landings. Vol. 70: 1990. FAO Fish. Ser. 38:647 p. (Ref. 4931) Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall 1993 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222) International Game Fish Association 1991 World record game fishes. International Game Fish Association, Florida, USA. (Ref. 4699) FB-Migration-426 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2024-01-22 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=426 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Oceanodromous. Migrating within oceans typically between spawning and different feeding areas, as tunas do. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km. Riede, K. 2004 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p. (Ref. 51243) FB-LifeCycle-426 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Estelita Emily Capuli 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2024-01-22 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=426&StockCode=440 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Most females change sex at about 9 kg, but smaller males (of 3 to 5 kg) are occasionally found. Total potential fecundity was estimated to range from 789,436 ova in a 44 cm SL fish of 2.2 kg to 12,589,242 ova in a 87 cm SL fish of 12.6 kg. In Tunisia, sex change occurs at 10 to 13 years (6 to 15 kg, 80 to 110 cm TL). Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall 1993 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222) FB-TrophicStrategy-426 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1991-03-06 00:00:00 2014-04-08 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public aeneus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Voracious predator. Fischer, W., M.-L. Bauchot and M. Schneider (eds.) 1987 Fiches FAO d'identification des espèces pour les besoins de la pêche. (Révision 1). Méditerranée et mer Noire. Zone de Pêche 37. FAO, Rome. 1529 p. FB-Size-426 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2024-01-22 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=426 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution 120 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 5222)); max. published weight: 25.0 kg (Ref. 5222) Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall 1993 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222) Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall 1993 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Uses Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Habitat-426 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2024-01-22 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=426 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size demersal; oceanodromous (Ref. 51243); brackish; marine; depth range 20 - 200 m (Ref. 3589) Riede, K. 2004 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p. (Ref. 51243) Smith, C.L. 1990 Serranidae. p. 695-706. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 3589)