FB-3388 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=3388 Animalia Chordata Teleostei Centrarchiformes Centrarchidae Pomoxis Pomoxis nigromaculatus (Lesueur, 1829) Svart solabbor Perca-prateada Sort crappie Black crappie Calico bass Crappie Crawpie Grass bass Marigane noire Moonfish Oswego bass Shiner Speckled bass Strawberry bass Kogerkrappi Mustapilkkuahven Marigane noire краппи черный Kalikoabborre Svart solabborre Mojarra negra 刺盖太阳鱼 刺蓋太陽魚 黑刺盖太阳鱼 黑斑刺盖太阳鱼(黑莓鲈) 黑斑刺蓋太陽魚(黑莓鱸) Cantharus nigromaculatus Lesueur, 1829 Centrarchus hexacanthus Valenciennes, 1831 Labrus sparoides Lacepède, 1801 Lepomis nigromaculatus (Lesueur, 1829) Pomotis hexacanthus (Valenciennes, 1831) Pomoxis hexacanthus (Valenciennes, 1831) Pomoxis sparoides (Lacepède, 1801) Pomoxys sparoides (Lacepède, 1801) 1991-05-01 2019-08-18 Nigrelli, R.F.0 Longevity of fishes in captivity, with special reference to those kept in the New York Aquarium. p. 212-230. In G.E.W. Wolstehnolmen and M. O'Connor (eds.) Ciba Foundation Colloquium on Ageing: the life span of animals. Vol. 5., Churchill, London. (Ref. 273) Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea and W.B. Scott0 A list of common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. (12)1-174. (Ref. 276) Jordan, D.S. and B.W. Evermann0 The fishes of North and Middle America: a descriptive catalogue of the species of fish-like vertebrates found in the waters of North America, north of the isthmus of Panama. Part I. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. 47:1-1240. (Ref. 284) Welcomme, R.L.0 International introductions of inland aquatic species. FAO Fish. Tech. Pap. 294. 318 p. (Ref. 1739) Pauly, D.0 Gill size and temperature as governing factors in fish growth: a generalization of von Bertalanffy's growth formula. Berichte des Instituts für Meereskunde an der Christian-Albrechts Universität Kiel, (63). 156 p. (Ref. 1836) Walter, H. and H. Lieth0 Klimadiagramm Weltatlas. VEB Gustaf Fischer Verlag, Jena. (Ref. 1873) Carlander, K.D.0 Handbook of freshwater fishery biology. Wm. C. Brown Co., Dubuque, Iowa. 427 p. (Ref. 1883) Scott, W.B. and E.J. Crossman0 Freshwater fishes of Canada. Bull. Fish. Res. Board Can. 184: xi+1-966. (Ref. 1998) Stroud, R.H.0 Growth of the basses and black crappie in Norris Reservoir, Tennessee. J. Tenn. Acad. Sci. 23(1):31-99. (Ref. 3377) Carlander, K.D.0 First supplement to the Handbook of freshwater fishery biology. Wm. C. Brown, Dubuque, Iowa. p. 277-429. (Ref. 3527) Erickson, J.G.0 Age and growth of the black and white crappies, <i>Pomoxis nigromaculatus</i> (LeSueur) and <i>P. annularis</i> Rafinesque, in Clear Lake, Iowa. Iowa St. Coll. J. Sci. 26(3):491-505. (Ref. 3541) Swingle, W.E.0 Length-weight relationships of Alabama fishes. Auburn Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Zool.-Ent. Ser. Fish. 3:87 p. (Ref. 3774) Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea and W.B. Scott0 Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. (20):183 p. (Ref. 3814) Lewis, W.M.0 Fisheries investigations on two artificial lakes in southern Iowa. II. Fish populations. Iowa State J. Sci. 24(3):287-324. (Ref. 3856) Shields, J.T.0 Report of fisheries investigations during the second year of impoundment of Fort Randall Reservoir, South Dakota, 1954. S.D. Dept. Game Fish Parks. 100 p. mimeo. (Ref. 3868) Carlander, K.D.0 Handbook of freshwater fishery biology, volume 2. The Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa. (Ref. 3993) Bennett, D.H.0 Length-weight relationships and condition factors of fishes from a South Carolina reservoir receiving thermal effluent. Prog. Fish-Cult. 34:85-87. (Ref. 4001) Cooper, E.L., C.C. Wagner and G.E. Krantz0 Bluegills dominate production in mixed populations of fishes. Ecology 52(2):280-290. (Ref. 4002) Hennemuth, R.C.0 Growth of crappies, bluegill, and warmouth in Lake Ahquabi. Iowa St. Coll. J. Sci. 30(1):119-137. (Ref. 4014) Jenkin, R.M.0 Expansion of the crappie population in Ardmore City Lake following a drastic reduction in numbers. Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 36:70-76. (Ref. 4018) Jenkins, R.M.0 The effect of gizzard shad on the fish population of a small Oklahoma lake. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 85(1):58-74. (Ref. 4020) Jennings, T.0 Age and growth of black crappie in Spirit Lake, Iowa. Iowa Q. Biol. Rep. 21(4):60-64. (Ref. 4023) Nelson, W.R.0 Age, growth and maturity of thirteen species of fish from Lake Oahe during the early years of impoundment, 1963-1968. U.S. Fish, Wildl. Serv. Tech. Pap. 77:1-29. (Ref. 4030) Paragamian, V.L.0 Vital statistics of fish populations in Red Rock Reservoir and Rathbun Reservoir following initial impoundment. Iowa Conserv. Comm. Fed. Aid F-88-R-1, Study No. 702-703, Job 1:1-46. (Ref. 4033) Tucker, W.H.0 Food habits, growth and length-weight relationships of the young-of-the-year black crappie and largemouth bass in ponds. Proc. S.E. Assoc. Game Fish Comm. 26:565-577. (Ref. 4046) Vanderpuye, C.J. and K.D. Carlander0 Age, growth and condition of black crappie, <i>Pomoxis nigromaculatus</i> (LeSueur) in Lewis and Clark Lake, South Dakota, 1954 to 1967. Iowa State J. Sci. 45(4):541-555. (Ref. 4049) Hureau, J.-C.0 La base de données GICIM: Gestion informatisée des collections ichthyologiques du Muséum. p. 225-227. In Atlas Préliminaire des Poissons d'Eau Douce de France. Conseil Supérieur de la Pêche, Ministère de l'Environnement, CEMAGREF et Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris. (Ref. 4517) International Game Fish Association0 World record game fishes. International Game Fish Association, Florida, USA. (Ref. 4699) Page, L.M. and B.M. Burr0 A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. 432 p. (Ref. 5723) Chiba, K., Y. Taki, K. Sakai and Y. Oozeki0 Present status of aquatic organisms introduced into Japan. p. 63-70. In S.S. De Silva (ed.) Exotic aquatic organisms in Asia. Proceedings of the Workshop on Introduction of Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia. Spec. Publ. Asian Fish. Soc. 3, 154 p. (Ref. 6094) Contreras-Balderas, S. and M.A. Escalante-C.0 Distribution and known impacts of exotic fishes in Mexico. p. 102-130. In W.R. Courtenay, Jr. and J.R. Stauffer, Jr. (eds.) Distribution, biology and management of exotic fishes. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, USA. (Ref. 6447) Gyldenholm, A.O. and J.J. Scheel0 Chromosome numbers of fishes. I. p. 90-97. In J.P. Wourms, D.E. Semler, J.V. Merriner et.al. Genetic studies of fish:II. MSS Information Corporation, New York. (Ref. 8938) Roberts, F.L.0 A chromosome study of twenty species of Centrarchidae. J. Morph. 115:401-418. (Ref. 8950) Vasil'ev, V.P.0 Chromosome numbers in fish-like vertebrates and fish. J. Ichthyol. 20(3):1-38. (Ref. 8973) Newman, L.0 Census of fish at the Vancouver aquarium, 1994. Unpublished manuscript. (Ref. 9183) Turner, J.L.0 Distribution and food habits of centrarchid fishes in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. p. 144-153. In J.L. Turner and D.W. Kelly (comp.) Ecological studies of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. Part II Fishes of the Delta, Fish. Bull. 136. (Ref. 9672) Etnier, D.A. and W.C. Starnes0 The fishes of Tennessee. The University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA. (pls. check date). (Ref. 10294) Wright, R.R.0 Preliminary report on the fish and fisheries of Ontario. p. 419-476. In Ont. Game Fish Comm., Comm. Rep. (Ref. 10315) Urley, L., C. Risk and W. Scott0 The number of eggs produced by some of our common fresh-water fishes. Invest. Indiana Lakes Streams 1(6):73-77. (Ref. 10525) Bailey, R.M.0 A check-list of the fishes of Iowa with keys for identification. p. 185-237. In J.R. Harlan and E.B. Speaker (eds.) Iowa fish and fishing. Iowa State Conservation Commission, Des Moines, Iowa. 365 p. (Ref. 10527) McPhail, J.D. and R. Carveth0 Field key to the freshwater fishes of British Columbia. Fish Museum, Department of Zoology, U.B.C., Canada, 239 p. (Ref. 10882) Anonymous0 Fish collection database of the University of British Columbia Fish Museum Fish Museum. University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. (Ref. 10937) Carl, G.C., W.A. Clemens and C.C. Lindsey0 The fresh-water fishes of British Columbia (3rd edition revised). Victoria (British Columbia, Canada): British Columbia Provincial Museum. Department of Education, Handbook 5: 192 p. (Ref. 11382) Hugg, D.O.0 MAPFISH georeferenced mapping database. Freshwater and estuarine fishes of North America. Life Science Software. Dennis O. and Steven Hugg, 1278 Turkey Point Road, Edgewater, Maryland, USA. (Ref. 12193) Coad, B.W.0 Encyclopedia of Canadian fishes. Canadian Museum of Nature and Canadian Sportfishing Productions Inc. Singapore. (Ref. 12204) Eaton, J.G., J.H. McCormick, B.E. Goodno, D.G. O'Brien, H.G. Stefany, M. Hondzo and R.M. Scheller0 A field information-based system for estimating fish temperature tolerances. Fisheries 20(4):10-18. (Ref. 12741) Sanches, J.G.0 Nomenclatura Portuguesa de organismos aquáticos (proposta para normalização estatística). Publ. Avuls. Inst. Nac. Invest. Pescas 14:322 p. (Ref. 26388) Arkhipchuk, V.V.0 Chromosome database. Database of Dr. Victor Arkhipchuk. (Ref. 30184) Randolph, S. and M. Snyder0 The seafood list: FDA's guide to acceptable market names for seafood sold in interstate commerce. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, USA. pag. var. (Ref. 30426) Wu, H.L., K.-T. Shao and C.F. Lai (eds.)0 Latin-Chinese dictionary of fishes names. The Sueichan Press, Taiwan. 1028 p. (Ref. 31517) Anonymous0 Fish collection database of the Natural History Museum, London (formerly British Museum of Natural History (BMNH)). Natural History Museum, London (formerly British Museum of Natural History (BMNH)). (Ref. 31982) Klinkhardt, M, M. Tesche and H. Greven0 Database of fish chromosomes. Westarp Wissenschaften. (Ref. 34370) Anonymous0 Fish collection database of the Gulf Coast Research Laboratory (GCRL). The Gulf Coast Research Laboratory (GCRL), Ocean Springs, Mississippi, USA. (Ref. 34634) Davis, J.R. and D.E. Louder0 Life history and ecology of <i>Menidia extensa</i>. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 98(3):466-472. (Ref. 35360) Anonymous0 Fish collection database of the J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, Grahamstown, South Africa. J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, Grahamstown, South Africa. (Ref. 36670) Anonymous0 Fish collection database of the National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian Institution). Smithsonian Institution-Division of Fishes. (Ref. 38732) Trautman, M.B.0 The fishes of Ohio. Ohio State University Press. 683 p. (Ref. 39104) IGFA0 Database of IGFA angling records until 2001. IGFA, Fort Lauderdale, USA. (Ref. 40637) Anonymous0 Fish collection database of the Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen. Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen. (Ref. 40919) Anonymous0 Fish collection database of the American Museum of Natural History. American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West , NY 10024-5192, USA. (Ref. 41414) Anonymous0 Fish collection of the Royal British Columbia Museum. Royal British Columbia Museum, 675 Belleville Street, Victoria BC, Canada V8V 1X4. (Ref. 42125) Gu, B., C.L. Schelske and M.V. Hoyer0 Stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen as indicators of diet and trophic structure of the fish community in a shallow hypereutrophic lake. J. Fish Biol. 49(6):1233-1243. (Ref. 42273) Timmons, T.J., W.L. Shelton and W.D. Davies0 Food of largemouth bass before and during the first three years after impoundment of west point reservoir, Alabama abd Georgia. J. Tennessee Acad. Sci. 56(1):23-27. (Ref. 46649) Quinn, S.0 How long do fish live?. In-Fisherman 26(5):15. (Ref. 46974) Anonymous0 Fish collection of the Royal Ontario Museum. Royal Ontario Museum. (Ref. 47438) Ricker, W.E.0 Russian-English dictionary for students of fisheries and aquatic biology. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Ottawa. (Ref. 48321) Flemer, D.A. and W.S. Woolcott0 Food habits and distribution of the fishes of Tuckahoe Creek, Virginia, with special emphasis on the bluegill, <i>Lepomis m. macrochirus</i> Rafinesque. Chesapeake Sci. 7(2):75-89. (Ref. 50685) Carl, H.0 Danish fish names. Zoological Museum of Copenhagen. Unpublished. (Ref. 51471) Nelson, J.S., E.J. Crossman, H. Espinosa-Pérez, L.T. Findley, C.R. Gilbert, R.N. Lea and J.D. Williams0 Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico. American Fisheries Society, Special Publication 29, Bethesda, Maryland. ix, 386 p. + 1 CD. (Ref. 52299) Coker, G.A., C.B. Portt and C.K. Minns0 Morphological and ecological characteristics of Canadian freshwater fishes. Can. MS Rpt. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2554:iv+89p. (Ref. 52559) Rixon, C.A.M., I.C. Duggan, N.M.N. Bergeron, A. Ricciardi and H.J. Macisaac0 Invasion risks posed by the aquarium trade and live fish markets on the Laurentian Great Lakes. Biodivers. Conserv. 14:1365-1381. (Ref. 53249) Jenkins, R.E. and N.M. Burkhead0 Freshwater fishes of Virginia. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland. 1079 p. (Ref. 54724) Ma, X., X. Bangxi, W. Yindong and W. Mingxue0 Intentionally introduced and transferred fishes in China's inland waters. Asian Fish. Sci. 16(3&4):279-290. (Ref. 55380) Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences0 Chinese aquatic germplasm resources database. http://zzzy.fishinfo.cn (Ref. 58108) Eschmeyer, W.N. (ed.)0 Catalog of fishes. Updated database version of June 2007. Database dump. Catalog databases as made available to FishBase in June 2007. (Ref. 58462) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis, 29 April 2008. (Ref. 75549) Missouri Department of Conservation0 Fish of Missouri. Missouri Department of Conservation. (Ref. 78789) Lieb, C.S.0 Annotated checklist of the fishes of the Rio Grande drainage, Dona Ana, El Paso, and Hudspeth counties. Centennial Museum, University of Texas at El Paso. (Ref. 78807) Richardson, J.S., T.J. Lissimore, M.C. Healey and T.G. Northcote0 Fish communities of the lower Fraser River (Canada) and a 21-year contrast. Environ. Biol. Fishes 59:125-140. (Ref. 78809) Hassan-Williams, C., T.H. Bonner and C. Thomas (photogr.)0 Texas freshwater fishes. Texas State University-San Marcos: Biology Department/ Aquatic Station. (Ref. 79012) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en, March 2010. (Ref. 83882) Page, L.M. and B.M. Burr0 A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Boston : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 663p. (Ref. 86798) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en, March 2012. (Ref. 90062) Gross, M.R. and R.C. Sargent0 The evolution of male and female parental care in fishes. Am. Zool. 25(3):807-822. (Ref. 93240) Murdy, E.O. and J.A. Musick0 Field guide to fishes of the Chesapeake Bay. JHU Press, 360 p. (Ref. 93252) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en, April 2014. (Ref. 95632) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en, [accessed 13/04/2015]. (Ref. 101110) Patzner, R.A.0 Reproductive strategies of fish. pp. 311-350. In Rocha, M.J., A. Arukwe and B.G. Kapoor (eds). Fish reproduction: cytology, biology and ecology. Science Publisher, Inc. Oxford. 631 p. (Ref. 101194) Pihu, E.0 Loomade elu 4. köide. Kalad. Pihu, E. 1979. Loomade Elu, 4. Köide, Kalad. Valgus, Tallinn. (Ref. 105472) Taylor, E.B. and K. Tan0 Guide to the freshwater fishes of British Columbia. 1st edit. Vancouver (BC, Canada): Beaty Biodiversity Museum, 18 p. (Ref. 112251) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en (accessed 08/06/2017). (Ref. 115257) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from htttps://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en [accessed May, 2018] (Ref. 118272) Fisheries and Oceans Canada0 Survey of recreational fishing in Canada. Selected Results for the Great Lakes Fishery 2000. Economic Analysis and Statistics, Policy Sector, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ottawa, Ontario. http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/stats/rec/gl/gl2000/index-eng.htm (3/2019) (Ref. 120331) Ontario Commercial Fisheries’ Association0 Fisheries Statistics. http://www.ocfa.ca/fisheries-industry/fisheries-statistics. Accessed 4/2019 (Ref. 120333) Eakins, R.J.0 Black crappie. Ontario Freshwater Fishes Life History Database. Version 4.85. Online database. (http://www.ontariofishes.ca; http://www.ontariofishes.ca/home.htm), accessed 25 June 2019. (Ref. 120594) Fuller, P., M. Cannister and M. Neilson0 <i>Pomoxis nigromaculatus</i> (Lesueur in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1829). U.S. Geological Survey, Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database, Gainesville, FL, https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.aspx?SpeciesID=409. Accessed on 7/4/2019. (Ref. 120640) Pennsylvania Fish & Boat Commission0 Sunfishes. https://www.fishandboat.com/Fish/PennsylvaniaFishes/GalleryPennsylvaniaFishes/Pages/Sunfishes.aspx. Accessed 17 August 2019. (Ref. 120821) Van Meter, H.D. and M.B. Trautman0 An annotated list of the fishes of Lake Erie and its tributary waters exclusive of the Detroit River. The Ohio Journal of Science 70(2):65-78 (Ref. 120880) CAB International0 <i>Pomoxis nigromaculatus</i> (black crappie). https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/68536#todistribution. Accessed on 25 January 2020. (Ref. 121624) Fuller, P., M. Cannister and M. Neilson0 <i>Pomoxis nigromaculatus</i> (Lesueur in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1829): U.S. Geological Survey, Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database, Gainesville, FL. https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.aspx?SpeciesID=409, Revision Date: 8/28/2019, Peer Review Date: 4/1/2016, Access Date: 2/5/2020 (Ref. 121687) ECoF, Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes0 Catalog of Fishes. 1985 - onwards. <b>CITATION NOT TO BE USED OUTSIDE FISHBASE. SEE REMARKS</b>. Authorship varies in time: Eschmeyer, W.N.; Fricke, R.; Van der Laan, R. Web database. http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp (Ref. 123477) WDNR, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources0 Wisconsin Fish Species List.. World Wide Web electronic publication, Accessed 05 Oct. 2024. Madison (USA, WI): Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, 6 p. https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/sites/default/files/topic/Fishing/Species_wifish.pdf (Ref. 132215) Price, S.A., S.T. Friedman, K.A. Corn, O. Larouche, K. Brockelsby, A.J. Lee, M. Nagaraj, N.G. Bertrand, M. Danao, M.C. Coyne, J.R. Estrada, R. Friedman, E. Hoeft, M. Iwan, D. Gross, J.H. Kao, B. Landry, M.J. Linares, C. McGlinn and …0 FishShapes v1: Functionally relevant measurements of teleost shape and size on three dimensions. Ecology 103(e3829):1-2. (Ref. 137577) FB-pic-3388-33822 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Thorke A.S. Østergaard 2002-08-05 2008-04-14 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=3388 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size 250 g Locality: Taylorsville Dam, Kentucky, US of America. http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Poann_u7.jpg http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/jpg/tn_Poann_u7.jpg Locality: Taylorsville Dam, Kentucky, US of America. FB-GeneralDescr-3388 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1991-05-01 00:00:00 2019-08-18 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=3388 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Inhabits lakes, ponds, sloughs, and backwaters and pools of streams (Ref. 1998, 10294). Usually occurs among vegetation over mud or sand, most common in clear water (Ref. 86798). Forms schools (Ref. 1998). Feeds early in the morning, from midnight to 2 am (Ref. 1998). Individuals up to 16 cm feed on planktonic crustaceans and free-swimming, nocturnal, and dipterous larvae; larger individuals feed on small fishes (Ref. 1998, 10294). May be preyed upon by other fishes (Ref. 1998). Page, L.M. and B.M. Burr 2011 A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Boston : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 663p. (Ref. 86798) FB-Distribution-3388 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1991-05-02 00:00:00 2025-09-18 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=3388 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat North America: The native range is difficult to determine due to its widespread introduction throughout the USA but it is presumably Atlantic Slope from Virginia to Florida, Gulf Slope west to Texas in the USA, St. Lawrence-Great Lakes, Hudson Bay (Red River), and Mississippi River basins from Quebec to Manitoba in Canada south to the Gulf in the USA. Page, L.M. and B.M. Burr 2011 A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Boston : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 663p. (Ref. 86798) FB-Uses-3388 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1991-05-01 00:00:00 2019-08-18 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=3388 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution fisheries: commercial; gamefish: yes; aquarium: public aquariums Scott, W.B. and E.J. Crossman 1973 Freshwater fishes of Canada. Bull. Fish. Res. Board Can. 184: xi+1-966. (Ref. 1998) International Game Fish Association 1991 World record game fishes. International Game Fish Association, Florida, USA. (Ref. 4699) Newman, L. 1995 Census of fish at the Vancouver aquarium, 1994. Unpublished manuscript. (Ref. 9183) FB-LifeCycle-3388 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Cristina V. Garilao 1991-05-01 00:00:00 2019-08-18 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=3388&StockCode=3584 Nests are built by males, by clearing an area on the sand, mud or gravel bottom. Females probably spawn with different males in more than one nest (Ref. 1998). Males guard the eggs for about 5 days (Ref. 93240, 101194). Scott, W.B. and E.J. Crossman 1973 Freshwater fishes of Canada. Bull. Fish. Res. Board Can. 184: xi+1-966. (Ref. 1998) FB-TrophicStrategy-3388 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Pascualita Sa-a 1995-08-07 00:00:00 2007-08-02 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public nigromaculatus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Inhabits lakes, ponds, sloughs, and backwaters and pools of streams. Usually occurs among vegetation over mud or sand, most common in clear water. Forms schools (Ref. 1998). Feeds early in the morning, from midnight to 2 am (Ref. 1998). Individuals up to 16 cm feed on planktonic crustaceans and free-swimming, nocturnal, and dipterous larvae; larger individuals feed on small fishes (Ref. 1998). May be preyed upon by other fishes (Ref. 1998). Turner, J.L. 1966 Distribution and food habits of centrarchid fishes in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. p. 144-153. In J.L. Turner and D.W. Kelly (comp.) Ecological studies of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. Part II Fishes of the Delta, Fish. Bull. 136. (Ref. 9672) FB-Size-3388 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1991-05-01 00:00:00 2019-08-18 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=3388 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats 49.0 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 86798)); max. published weight: 2,720 g (Ref. 40637); max. reported age: 15 years (Ref. 46974) Page, L.M. and B.M. Burr 2011 A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Boston : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 663p. (Ref. 86798) IGFA 2001 Database of IGFA angling records until 2001. IGFA, Fort Lauderdale, USA. (Ref. 40637) Quinn, S. 2001 How long do fish live?. In-Fisherman 26(5):15. (Ref. 46974) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Habitat-3388 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1991-05-01 00:00:00 2019-08-18 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=3388 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution benthopelagic; freshwater; pH range: 6.0 - 7.5; depth range 0 - ? m (Ref. 1998) Scott, W.B. and E.J. Crossman 1973 Freshwater fishes of Canada. Bull. Fish. Res. Board Can. 184: xi+1-966. (Ref. 1998)