FB-3273 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=3273 Animalia Chordata Teleostei Perciformes/Gasterosteoidei Gasterosteidae Pungitius Pungitius pungitius (Linnaeus, 1758) Nipigget stingsild Småstikling Cierniczek Espinho Crothell naw pigyn Nipigget hundestejle Nippigget hundestejle Kleiner (Neunstacheliger) Stichling Kleiner Stichling Neunstacheliger Stichling Seestichling Stachel de butz Stachelbauch Stachele Stachelfisch Stechbüttel Stecherling Stechert Steckbedel Steckbüdel Steckelbars Steckelstange Steckling Steekerling Steekling Steigbügel Stichbeutel Stichlinsky Stickelbars Zwergstichling Barnstickle Barnystickle Barnytickle Branchy Branstickle Doctor Ninespine stickleback Nine-spined stickleback Pinfish Prickley Prickly Prickly back Sparnicle Sparny Sparnytickle Spanicle Spannistickle Spanny Spannystickle Spantickle Spawn Spawnykettle Spawnytickle Stickleback Thorny back Ten-spine stickleback Ten-spined stikleback Thornback Tiny burnstickle Harilik luukarits luukarits Kymmenpiikki Épinoche à neuf épines Épinochette Kleine stichling Marichaud Petite épinoche Kakelashuk Kakidlautidlik Kakilahaq Kakilasak Kakilisak Kakilishek Kakilusuk Kakiva Kakkilasak Natagnak Ibara-tomiyo Kitano-tomiyo キタノトミヨ（イバラトミヨ） ムサシトミヨ 청가시고기 deviņadatu stagars devynspyglė dyglė Devyatiiglaya kolyushka Malaja koliushka Småspigg Kücükdikence baligi kakaliqauraq Osar Snathaid mhara Tiendoornige stekelbaars 八棘多刺魚 八棘多刺鱼 Gasteracanthus pungitius (Linnaeus, 1758) Gasterosteus blanchardi Sauvage, 1874 Gasterosteus burgundianus (non Blanchard, 1866) Gasterosteus concinnus Richardson, 1836 Gasterosteus dekayi Agassiz, 1850 Gasterosteus globiceps Sauvage, 1874 Gasterosteus mainensis Storer, 1837 Gasterosteus nebulosus Agassiz, 1850 Gasterosteus occidentalis Cuvier, 1829 Gasterosteus pungitia burgundianus (non Blanchard, 1866) Gasterosteus pungitius Linnaeus, 1758 Gasterosteus pungitius brachypoda Bean, 1879 Pungitius pungitius pungitius (Linnaeus, 1758) Pygosteus pungitius (Linnaeus, 1758) Pygosteus pungitius brachypoda (Bean, 1879) Pygosteus pungitius carinata Bertin, 1925 Pygosteus pungitius semiarmata Bertin, 1925 Pygosteus pungitius trachura Bertin, 1925 1991-05-01 2022-03-11 Breder, C.M. and D.E. 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(Ref. 119194) Devine, J.A., S.T. Schram and M.J. Hansen0 A food web analysis of the fishery in Chequamegon Bay, Lake Superior. Wisconsin DNR Fisheries Management Reports, https://dnr.wi.gov/topic/fishing/publications/ManagementReports.html. Accessed July 2019. (Ref. 120684) Thorsteinson, L.K. and M.S. Love0 Alaska Arctic marine fish ecology catalog. Scientific Investigations Report 2016-5038. (Ref. 121277) Tammiksaar, E. and K. Kangur0 Fish and fishing in Lake Peipsi (Estonia/Russia) since 1851: Similarities and differences between historical and modern times. J. Great Lakes Res. 46(2020):862-869. (Ref. 122793) Chambellant, M., I. Stirling and S.H. Ferguson0 Temporal variation in western Hudson Bay ringed seal <i>Phoca hispida</i> diet in relation to environment. Marine Ecology Progress Series 481:269-287. (Ref. 123554) Dolgov, A.V.0 Annotated list of fish-like vertebrates and fish of the Kara Sea. J. Ichthyol. 53(11):914-922. (Ref. 124011) Matsumoto, T., K. Matsuura and N. Hanzawa0 A new species of nine-spined stickleback, <i>Pungitius modestus</i> (Gasterosteiformes, Gasterosteidae), from northern Honshu, Japan. Zootaxa 5005(1):1-20. (Ref. 124673) Denys, G.P.J., H. Persat, A. Dettaï, M.F. Geiger, J. Freyhof, J. Fesquet and P. Keith0 Genetic and morphological discrimination of three species of ninespined stickleback <i>Pungitius</i> spp. (Teleostei, Gasterosteidae) in France with the revalidation of <i>Pungitius vulgaris</i> (Mauduyt, 1848). J Zool Syst Evol Res. 2018;56:77-101. (Ref. 125067) Johnson, S.W., J.F. Thedinga, A.D. Neff and C.A. Hoffman0 Fish fauna in nearshore waters of a Barrier Island in the western Beaufort Sea, Alaska. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-AFSC-210, 28p. (Ref. 125579) Yamamoto, A., K. Tabata, T. Fukushige, T. Inoue, H. Furutsu, M. Hiroya and M. Kanaiwa0 Length-weight relations of ten freshwater fish species (Actinopterygii) from Abashiri basin, eastern Hokkaido, Japan. Acta Ichthyol. Piscat. 52(2). (Ref. 126027) IUCN0 The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1964 - onwards. https://www.iucnredlist.org/ (Ref. 130435) Simian, G., D. Abraham, N. Bailly, P. Béarez, F. Urtizberea, A. Perrot, H. Goraguer, R. Langlois, P. Daszkiewicz, F. Teletchea, S. Tercerie and G. Denys0 Checklist of fishes from the Saint-Pierre and Miquelon archipelago. Cybium 46(4):371-384. (Ref. 132183) WDNR, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources0 Wisconsin Fish Species List.. World Wide Web electronic publication, Accessed 05 Oct. 2024. Madison (USA, WI): Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, 6 p. https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/sites/default/files/topic/Fishing/Species_wifish.pdf (Ref. 132215) Price, S.A., S.T. Friedman, K.A. Corn, O. Larouche, K. Brockelsby, A.J. Lee, M. Nagaraj, N.G. Bertrand, M. Danao, M.C. Coyne, J.R. Estrada, R. Friedman, E. Hoeft, M. Iwan, D. Gross, J.H. Kao, B. Landry, M.J. Linares, C. McGlinn and …0 FishShapes v1: Functionally relevant measurements of teleost shape and size on three dimensions. Ecology 103(e3829):1-2. (Ref. 137577) Corush, J.B.0 Evolutionary patterns of diadromy in fishes: more than a transitional state between marine and freshwater. BMC Evol. Biol. 19(168):13 p. (Ref. 138280) FB-GeneralDescr-3273 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1991-05-01 00:00:00 2025-11-21 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=3273 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Found in shallow vegetated areas of lakes, ponds, and pools of sluggish streams; sometimes in open water over sand (Ref. 5723). Marine populations found near shore and move into fresh water to spawn (Ref. 5723). There appears to be seasonal movements inshore to shallow water in the spring for spawning, and, in the fall, offshore to deep water, or even to the less saline parts of the sea, by the young and adults that survive spawning (Ref. 27547). Nerito-pelagic (Ref. 58426). Feed on small invertebrates; also on aquatic insects and their eggs and larvae (Ref. 1998). Eggs are found in nests constructed from plant material (Ref. 41678). Males build, guard and aerate the nest where the eggs are deposited (Ref. 205). Females grow faster and live longer than do other males (Ref. 27547). Males seldom live beyond age three, due to heavy post-spawning mortality, but females may live to age five or more (Ref. 27547). When abundant, it is preyed upon by other fishes (Ref. 1998); also preyed by birds (Ref. 27547). May be used as human or dog food or as a source of oil (Ref. 27547). Page, L.M. and B.M. Burr 1991 A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. 432 p. (Ref. 5723) FB-DiagnosticDescr-3273 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Cristina V. Garilao 1996-01-02 00:00:00 2012-12-22 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=3273 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Distinguished uniquely from congeners in Europe by having scutes on side of caudal peduncle, forming a keel. Differs further from other members of the genus in Europe by the combination of the following characters: flank lacking scutes; dorsal fin with 7-11 spines; and caudal peduncle wider than deep (Ref. 59043). Distinguished by the presence of 7 to 12 free spines in front of the dorsal fin and a long caudal keel that usually reaches beneath the dorsal fin (Ref. 27547). Dorsal spines separated from one another, each with a rudimentary membrane on its posterior side; anal spine stout and curved; posterior edge of pectorals rounded; pelvic ray pressed close to the spine; caudal fin usually truncate, varying from slightly indented to slightly rounded (Ref. 27547). Pale green, grey, or olive above, strongly pigmented with irregularly arranged dark bars or blotches; silvery below (Ref. 1998). Fins colorless (Ref. 27547). Breeding colors may be variable, depending on sex, population and stage of breeding cycle but color of females always less intense than those of males (Ref. 27547). Aggressive females become dark on the back and paler below, then sometimes become paler with more conspicuous saddle marks as actual breeding approaches (Ref. 30380). Aggressive males become totally black except for the colorless fins and the membranes on the pelvic spines, which are white. At breeding, the males become paler on the back and more intensely black on the belly, especially under the chin (Ref. 28993, 30380). Breeding males on the east coast of North America have been reported as reddish under the head and greenish on the belly (Ref. 27547). Caudal fin with 12 rays (Ref. 2196). Keith, P. and J. Allardi (coords.) 2001 Atlas des poissons d'eau douce de France. Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris. Patrimoines naturels, 47:1-387. (Ref. 40476) FB-Morphology-3273 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Cristina V. Garilao 1996-01-02 00:00:00 2012-12-22 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=3273 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Dorsal spines (total): 6 - 12; Dorsal soft rays (total): 9 - 13; Analspines: 1; Analsoft rays: 8 - 13; Vertebrae: 30 - 35 Keith, P. and J. Allardi (coords.) 2001 Atlas des poissons d'eau douce de France. Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris. Patrimoines naturels, 47:1-387. (Ref. 40476) FB-Distribution-3273 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1991-05-02 00:00:00 2024-11-29 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=3273 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Circumarctic: Arctic and Atlantic drainages across Canada and Alaska, and as far south as New Jersey, USA; Pacific coast of Alaska; Great Lakes basin; also in Eurasia (Ref. 5723). Eurasia: coastal areas of northern Europe, from Netherlands to northern Russia, including southern Norway and Baltic basin. Widely distributed inland in eastern Scandinavia. Extends eastward to Siberia and Japan, but remains to be confirmed that East Asia populations are conspecific with European ones (Ref. 59043). Page, L.M. and B.M. Burr 1991 A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. 432 p. (Ref. 5723) FB-Uses-3273 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1991-05-01 00:00:00 2025-11-21 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=3273 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Uses fisheries: subsistence fisheries; aquarium: commercial Morrow, J.E. 1980 The freshwater fishes of Alaska. University of. B.C. Animal Resources Ecology Library. 248p. (Ref. 27547) Muus, B.J. and J.G. Nielsen 1999 Sea fish. Scandinavian Fishing Year Book, Hedehusene, Denmark. 340 p. (Ref. 35388) FB-Migration-3273 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1991-05-01 00:00:00 2025-11-21 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=3273 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Anadromous. Fish that ascend rivers to spawn, as salmon and hilsa do. Sub-division of diadromous. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km. Corush, J.B. 2019 Evolutionary patterns of diadromy in fishes: more than a transitional state between marine and freshwater. BMC Evol. Biol. 19(168):13 p. (Ref. 138280) FB-LifeCycle-3273 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Cristina V. Garilao 1991-05-01 00:00:00 2025-11-21 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=3273&StockCode=3469 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats During the spawning season, both males and females set up territories which are defended against intruders of either sex. The male builds the nest with plant fragments and binds it together with a kidney secretion. The nest has two openings. The male then entices the female into the nest with quick dancing movements. An enticed female follows the male to his nest, enters it through one opening, deposits 50 to 80 eggs, then leaves through the other opening (Ref. 1998, 27547). In nests with one opening, the female enters, turns around, deposits her eggs and leaves (Ref. 27547). The male then enters the nest and fertilizes the eggs as it swims toward the other opening. More than one female may deposit eggs to the nest. The male guards one opening and aerates the eggs (Ref. 1998). Soon after releasing a clutch of eggs, a female feeds voraciously and in a day or so, is ready to be courted again (Ref. 27547). Sometimes the nest falls apart before the eggs hatch. The male may build a new nest nearby and transfer the eggs to it. At hatching, the male enters the nest to remove egg remains. Newly hatched larvae move to the top of the nest and settle on it. The male may construct a nursery above the nest. As the larvae become more active, the male catches them in his mouth and spits them back to the nest or nursery. As the larvae become more active, the male loses interest in them, and may build a new nest and repeat the process or the breeding season ends (Ref. 28993). Eggs hatch in 6-7 days (Ref. 59043). Scott, W.B. and E.J. Crossman 1973 Freshwater fishes of Canada. Bull. Fish. Res. Board Can. 184: xi+1-966. (Ref. 1998) FB-TrophicStrategy-3273 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Pascualita Sa-a 1997-03-03 00:00:00 2007-08-01 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public pungitius http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Found in shallow vegetated areas of lakes, ponds, and pools of sluggish streams; sometimes in open water over sand (Ref. 5723). Marine populations found near shore and move into freshwater to spawn (Ref. 5723). There appears to be seasonal movements inshore to shallow water in the spring for spawning, and, in the fall, offshore to deep water, or even to the less saline parts of the sea, by the young and adults that survive spawning (Ref. 27547). Nerito-pelagic (Ref. 58426). Feeds on small invertebrates; also on aquatic insects and their eggs and larvae (Ref. 1998). During breeding season, the eggs and larvae are consumed as food (Ref. 1998). It is preyed upon by fish-eating birds, kingfishers and mergansers; fishes such as walleye, brook trout, lake trout, yellow perch and burbot. Parasites of the species include 3 protozoans, 3 myxosporidians, 3 monogeneans, 8 trematodes, 5 cestodes, 6 acanthocephalans, 2 molluscs, 1 branchiuran and 2 copepods (Ref. 5951). Scott, W.B. and E.J. Crossman 1973 Freshwater fishes of Canada. Bull. Fish. Res. Board Can. 184: xi+1-966. (Ref. 1998) FB-Size-3273 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1991-05-01 00:00:00 2025-11-21 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=3273 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution 9.0 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 27547)); max. reported age: 5 years (Ref. 27547) Morrow, J.E. 1980 The freshwater fishes of Alaska. University of. B.C. Animal Resources Ecology Library. 248p. (Ref. 27547) Morrow, J.E. 1980 The freshwater fishes of Alaska. University of. B.C. Animal Resources Ecology Library. 248p. (Ref. 27547) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Uses Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Habitat-3273 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1991-05-01 00:00:00 2025-11-21 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=3273 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size benthopelagic; anadromous (Ref. 138280); freshwater; brackish; marine; depth range 0 - 110 m (Ref. 58426), usually 70 - 77 m (Ref. 1998) Corush, J.B. 2019 Evolutionary patterns of diadromy in fishes: more than a transitional state between marine and freshwater. BMC Evol. Biol. 19(168):13 p. (Ref. 138280) Coad, B.W. and J.D. Reist 2004 Annotated list of the arctic marine fishes of Canada. Can. MS Rep. Fish Aquat. Sci. 2674:iv:+112 p. (Ref. 58426) Scott, W.B. and E.J. Crossman 1973 Freshwater fishes of Canada. Bull. Fish. Res. Board Can. 184: xi+1-966. (Ref. 1998)