FB-3231 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=3231 Animalia Chordata Teleostei Cyprinodontiformes Poeciliidae Xiphophorus Xiphophorus hellerii Heckel, 1848 Mieczyk hellera Swaarddraer Swaardstert Mecovka pestrá Almindelig sværddrager Sværddrager Atoyac-Schwertträger Belize-Schwertträger Catemaco-Schwertträger Fünfstreifen-Schwertträger Gefleckter Schwertträger Gelber Schwertträger Grüner Schwertträger Helleri Messingschwertträger Oaxaca-Schwertträger Schwertträger Streifenschwertträger Yucatan-Schwertträger Green swordtail Red swordtail Swordtail Swordtails Roheline mõõksaba Miekkapyrstö Mailleur Porte-épée Queue d' épée Xipho Suwadakar Mecovka zelená Svärdbärare Kilickuyruk Cola de espada Espada Pez de rabo espada Kibôta Meček 剑尾鱼 劍尾魚 Poecilia helleri (Heckel, 1848) Xiphophorus brevis Regan, 1907 Xiphophorus guentheri Jordan & Evermann, 1896 Xiphophorus guntheri Jordan & Evermann, 1896 Xiphophorus helleri Heckel, 1848 Xiphophorus helleri brevis Regan, 1907 Xiphophorus helleri helleri Heckel, 1848 Xiphophorus helleri strigatus Regan, 1907 Xiphophorus hellerii guentheri Jordan & Evermann, 1896 Xiphophorus jalapae Meek, 1902 Xiphophorus rachovii Regan, 1911 Xiphophorus strigatus Regan, 1907 Xiphorus helleri Heckel, 1848 1991-05-01 2014-03-26 Robins, C.R., R.M. 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Singapore Government (Ref. 108093) Dean, E.M., A.R. Cooper, L. Wang, W. Daniel, S. David, C. Ernzen, K.B. Gido, E Hale, T.J. Haxton, W. Kelso, N. Leonard, C. Lido, J. Margraf, M. Porter, C. Pennock, D. Propst, J. Ross, M.D. Staudinger, G. Whelan and D.M. Infante0 The North American Freshwater Migratory Fish Database (NAFMFD): Characterizing the migratory life histories of freshwater fishes of Canada, the United States of Mexico. J. Biogeography 49:1193-1203. (Ref. 126106) Ramani Shirantha, R R.A.0 A field guide to the fishes in freshwaters in Sri Lanka. Department of Wildlife Conservation, Colombo. XV + 502 pp. (Ref. 127520) Marčeta, B. and K. Pliberšek (eds)0 BiosWeb. Biological database of the Fisheries Research Institute of Slovenia. Ljubljana, Fisheries Research Institute of Slovenia, 2014. (www.biosweb.org. updated 13/04/2023). (Ref. 128520) Beolens, B., M. Grayson and M. Watkins0 Eponym dictionary of Fishes. Dunbeath, Caithness (Scotland, UK): Whittles Publishing Limited, 1300 p. (Ref. 128868) Chan, J.C.F., A.H.F. Tsang, S.-M. Yau, T.C.H. Hui, A. Lau, H.H. Tan, B.W. Low, D. Dudgeon and J.H. Liew0 The non-native freshwater fishes of Hong Kong: diversity, distributions, and origins. Raffles Bull. Zool. 71:128-168. (Ref. 129032) Price, S.A., S.T. Friedman, K.A. Corn, O. Larouche, K. Brockelsby, A.J. Lee, M. Nagaraj, N.G. Bertrand, M. Danao, M.C. Coyne, J.R. Estrada, R. Friedman, E. Hoeft, M. Iwan, D. Gross, J.H. Kao, B. Landry, M.J. Linares, C. McGlinn and …0 FishShapes v1: Functionally relevant measurements of teleost shape and size on three dimensions. Ecology 103(e3829):1-2. (Ref. 137577) FB-GeneralDescr-3231 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1991-05-01 00:00:00 2025-12-16 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=3231 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Morphology Adults are found mainly in rapidly flowing streams and rivers, preferring heavily vegetated habitats (Ref. 26130). They occur in warm springs and their effluents, weedy canals and ponds (Ref. 5723). They feed on worms, crustaceans, insects and plant matter (Ref. 7020). Used for genetics research (Ref. 4537). Especially the red varieties are very popular aquarium fishes (Ref. 1672). Aquarium keeping: the males aggressive towards each other; minimum aquarium size 80 cm (Ref. 51539). Wischnath, L. 1993 Atlas of livebearers of the world. T.F.H. Publications, Inc., United States of America. 336 p. (Ref. 26130) FB-DiagnosticDescr-3231 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Armi G. Torres 1997-04-10 00:00:00 2007-07-30 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=3231 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution This species is distinguished by having a medium to large swordtail with a long straight caudal appendage; midlateral stripe may be dusky or brownish (northern populations) or red; 2 additional reddish stripes may be present above midlateral line and one beneath; terminal segment of gonopodial ray 3 produced into a crescent-shaped hook and blade pointed distally; ray 4a curves strongly backward over the blade at an angle greater than 90°; distal serrae of ray 4p reduced in size and number and proximal serrae rather slender; terminal segment of ray 5a produced into a claw, several times larger than the distal serrae of ray 4p (Ref. 52914).Description: Body elongated; head pointed. There are many color forms due to the very extensive natural habitats. For green swordtail, the ground color is olive gray; scale rows along the middle of the body are green to blue; belly is white and there is a light red, dark red or brown longitudinal line on the flanks in all populations (regional forms). In a few variants, there can be one or two additional lines above and one or two below this line. In almost all populations, the dorsal fin has spots or flecks of red. This coloration can also appear in the caudal fin. The sword of males is bright yellow and edged more broadly in black below than above. Old fish (3 to 4 years old) can have a totally black sword from the caudal fin all the way to the tip of the sword. Kallman, K.D., R.B. Walter, D.C. Morizot and S. Kazianis 2004 Two new species of <i>Xiphophorus</i> (Poeciliidae) from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Mexico, with a discussion of the distribution of the <i>X. clemenciae</i> clade. Am. Mus. Novit. 3441:1-34. (Ref. 52914) FB-Morphology-3231 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Armi G. Torres 1997-04-10 00:00:00 2007-07-30 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=3231 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Uses Dorsal spines (total): 0; Dorsal soft rays (total): 11 - 14; Analspines: 0; Analsoft rays: 8 - 10 Kallman, K.D., R.B. Walter, D.C. Morizot and S. Kazianis 2004 Two new species of <i>Xiphophorus</i> (Poeciliidae) from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Mexico, with a discussion of the distribution of the <i>X. clemenciae</i> clade. Am. Mus. Novit. 3441:1-34. (Ref. 52914) FB-Distribution-3231 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1991-05-02 00:00:00 2015-04-10 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=3231 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TrophicStrategy North and Central America: Rio Nantla, Veracruz in Mexico to northwestern Honduras. Africa: Feral populations reported from Natal and eastern Transvaal as well as in Lake Otjikoto, Namibia (Ref. 7248). Several countries report adverse ecological impact after introduction. Page, L.M. and B.M. Burr 1991 A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. 432 p. (Ref. 5723) FB-Uses-3231 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1991-05-01 00:00:00 2025-12-16 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=3231 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size fisheries: highly commercial; aquarium: highly commercial Mills, D. and G. Vevers 1989 The Tetra encyclopedia of freshwater tropical aquarium fishes. Tetra Press, New Jersey. 208 p. (Ref. 7020) Mills, D. and G. Vevers 1989 The Tetra encyclopedia of freshwater tropical aquarium fishes. Tetra Press, New Jersey. 208 p. (Ref. 7020) FB-LifeCycle-3231 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Liza Q. Agustin 1991-05-01 00:00:00 2025-12-16 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=3231&StockCode=3427 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Female produces 20 to 200 young after a gestation period of 24 to 30 days. Attains sexual maturity after eight to twelve months (Ref. 26130). This species has a tendency to undergo sex reversal (from female to male) under certain environmental conditions (Ref. 6465). Wischnath, L. 1993 Atlas of livebearers of the world. T.F.H. Publications, Inc., United States of America. 336 p. (Ref. 26130) FB-TrophicStrategy-3231 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Pascualita Sa-a 1997-04-08 00:00:00 2008-01-14 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public hellerii http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Feeds on insects, benthic animals and plants (Ref. 6885). Arthington, A.H. 1989 Diet of <i>Gambusia affinis holbrooki</i>, <i>Xiphophorus helleri</i>, <i>X. maculatus</i>, and <i>Poecilia reticulata</i> (Pisces: Poeciliidae) in streams of southeastern Queensland, Australia. Asian Fish. Sci. 2:193-212. (Ref. 6154) FB-Size-3231 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1991-05-01 00:00:00 2025-12-16 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ FAO General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=3231 14.0 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 26130)); 16 cm TL (female) Wischnath, L. 1993 Atlas of livebearers of the world. T.F.H. Publications, Inc., United States of America. 336 p. (Ref. 26130) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ John E. Randall General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Diseases-3231-157 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2003-09-29 00:00:00 2003-09-29 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=3231&StockCode=3427 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#DiagnosticDescription Aeromonosis. Bacterial diseases Bassleer, G. 2003 The new ilustrated guide to fish diseases in ornamental tropical and pond fish. Bassleer Biofish, Stationstraat 130, 2235 Westmeerbeek, Belgium, 1st Edition, 232 p. (Ref. 48502) FB-Diseases-3231-733 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2003-08-21 00:00:00 2003-08-21 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=3231&StockCode=3427 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Morphology Bacterial Infections (general). Bacterial diseases Bassleer, G. 1997 Color guide of tropical fish diseases: on freshwater fish. Bassleer Biofish, Westmeerbeek, Belgium. 272 p. (Ref. 41805) FB-Diseases-3231-185 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2003-08-23 00:00:00 2003-11-03 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=3231&StockCode=3427 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Columnaris Disease (e.). Bacterial diseases Bassleer, G. 1997 Color guide of tropical fish diseases: on freshwater fish. Bassleer Biofish, Westmeerbeek, Belgium. 272 p. (Ref. 41805) FB-Diseases-3231-29 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2003-09-12 00:00:00 2003-09-12 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=3231&StockCode=3427 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Uses Costia Disease. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Bassleer, G. 1997 Color guide of tropical fish diseases: on freshwater fish. Bassleer Biofish, Westmeerbeek, Belgium. 272 p. (Ref. 41805) FB-Diseases-3231-359 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2003-11-03 00:00:00 2003-11-03 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=3231&StockCode=3427 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#LifeCycle Cryptobia Infestation. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Bassleer, G. 2003 The new ilustrated guide to fish diseases in ornamental tropical and pond fish. Bassleer Biofish, Stationstraat 130, 2235 Westmeerbeek, Belgium, 1st Edition, 232 p. (Ref. 48502) FB-Diseases-3231-32 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2003-09-12 00:00:00 2003-11-03 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=3231&StockCode=3427 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TrophicStrategy Dactylogyrus Gill Flukes Disease. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Bassleer, G. 1997 Color guide of tropical fish diseases: on freshwater fish. Bassleer Biofish, Westmeerbeek, Belgium. 272 p. (Ref. 41805) FB-Diseases-3231-153 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2003-09-12 00:00:00 2003-09-12 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=3231&StockCode=3427 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Fin Rot (early stage). Bacterial diseases Bassleer, G. 1997 Color guide of tropical fish diseases: on freshwater fish. Bassleer Biofish, Westmeerbeek, Belgium. 272 p. (Ref. 41805) FB-Diseases-3231-6 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2003-08-21 00:00:00 2003-11-27 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=3231&StockCode=3427 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Fin-rot Disease (late stage). Bacterial diseases Bassleer, G. 1997 Color guide of tropical fish diseases: on freshwater fish. Bassleer Biofish, Westmeerbeek, Belgium. 272 p. (Ref. 41805) FB-Diseases-3231-1148 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2003-09-24 00:00:00 2003-09-24 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=3231&StockCode=3427 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Fungal Infection (general). Fungal diseases Bassleer, G. 2003 The new ilustrated guide to fish diseases in ornamental tropical and pond fish. Bassleer Biofish, Stationstraat 130, 2235 Westmeerbeek, Belgium, 1st Edition, 232 p. (Ref. 48502) FB-Diseases-3231-732 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2003-10-08 00:00:00 2004-01-06 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=3231&StockCode=3427 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#DiagnosticDescription Metacercaria Infection (Flatworms). Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Bassleer, G. 2003 The new ilustrated guide to fish diseases in ornamental tropical and pond fish. Bassleer Biofish, Stationstraat 130, 2235 Westmeerbeek, Belgium, 1st Edition, 232 p. (Ref. 48502) FB-Diseases-3231-1301 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2005-11-30 00:00:00 2005-11-30 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=3231&StockCode=3427 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Morphology Mexiconema Infestation. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Moravec, F. 1998 Nematodes of freshwater fishes of the neotropical region. 464 p. Praha, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. (Ref. 51153) FB-Diseases-3231-369 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2003-08-23 00:00:00 2003-08-23 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=3231&StockCode=3427 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Pseudomonas infection. Bacterial diseases Bassleer, G. 1997 Color guide of tropical fish diseases: on freshwater fish. Bassleer Biofish, Westmeerbeek, Belgium. 272 p. (Ref. 41805) FB-Diseases-3231-63 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2003-09-12 00:00:00 2003-11-03 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=3231&StockCode=3427 Skin Flukes. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Bassleer, G. 1997 Color guide of tropical fish diseases: on freshwater fish. Bassleer Biofish, Westmeerbeek, Belgium. 272 p. (Ref. 41805) FB-Diseases-3231-366 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2003-09-12 00:00:00 2003-10-08 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=3231&StockCode=3427 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Skin Fungi (Saprolegnia sp.). Fungal diseases Bassleer, G. 1997 Color guide of tropical fish diseases: on freshwater fish. Bassleer Biofish, Westmeerbeek, Belgium. 272 p. (Ref. 41805) FB-Diseases-3231-159 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2003-11-03 00:00:00 2003-11-03 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=3231&StockCode=3427 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Velvet Disease. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Bassleer, G. 2003 The new ilustrated guide to fish diseases in ornamental tropical and pond fish. Bassleer Biofish, Stationstraat 130, 2235 Westmeerbeek, Belgium, 1st Edition, 232 p. (Ref. 48502) FB-Diseases-3231-1152 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2003-11-03 00:00:00 2003-11-03 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=3231&StockCode=3427 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Viral Diseases (general). Viral diseases Bassleer, G. 2003 The new ilustrated guide to fish diseases in ornamental tropical and pond fish. Bassleer Biofish, Stationstraat 130, 2235 Westmeerbeek, Belgium, 1st Edition, 232 p. (Ref. 48502) FB-Habitat-3231 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1991-05-01 00:00:00 2025-12-16 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ FAO General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=3231 benthopelagic; non-migratory (Ref. 126106); freshwater; brackish; pH range: 7.0 - 8.0; dH range: 9 - 19 Dean, E.M., A.R. Cooper, L. Wang, W. Daniel, S. David, C. Ernzen, K.B. Gido, E Hale, T.J. Haxton, W. Kelso, N. Leonard, C. Lido, J. Margraf, M. Porter, C. Pennock, D. Propst, J. Ross, M.D. Staudinger, G. Whelan and D.M. Infante 2022 The North American Freshwater Migratory Fish Database (NAFMFD): Characterizing the migratory life histories of freshwater fishes of Canada, the United States of Mexico. J. Biogeography 49:1193-1203. (Ref. 126106)