FB-27173 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=27173 Animalia Chordata Teleostei Anguilliformes Ophichthidae Quassiremus Quassiremus polyclitellum Castle, 1996 Manta Kuhlova Kuhl's devilray Lesser devilray Shorthorn devilray Shortfin devil ray Shortfin pygmy devil ray Lühiuim-merisarvik Petit diable Pari lampengan Pari kalok Pari kelawar Pari kola Pari paung Pari paus Pari-paus tanpa duri Gaangish Krabane rhu-ngon-sun Kortvinduivelsrog Kratkokrila manta Cephaloptera kuhlii Müller & Henle, 1841 Dicerobatis draco Günther, 1872 Mobula diabolus (non Shaw, 1804) 1997-06-23 2024-05-20 Breder, C.M. and D.E. Rosen0 Modes of reproduction in fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey. 941 p. (Ref. 205) Compagno, L.J.V.0 Mobulidae. p. 134-135. In M.M. Smith and P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. (Ref. 3177) Hureau, J.-C.0 La base de données GICIM: Gestion informatisée des collections ichthyologiques du Muséum. p. 225-227. 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(Ref. 128520) Beolens, B., M. Grayson and M. Watkins0 Eponym dictionary of Fishes. Dunbeath, Caithness (Scotland, UK): Whittles Publishing Limited, 1300 p. (Ref. 128868) Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals-CMS0 Convention on the conservation of migratory species of wild animals (CMS). xxx (Ref. 131118) CITES0 Appendices I, II and III. UNEP. (Ref. 131153) Ferragut-Perello, F., S. Ramirez-Amaro, A.C. Tsikliras, N. Petit-Marty, D. Dimarchopoulou0 Exploitation and conservation status of the thornback ray (<i>Raja clavata</i>) in the Balearic Islands (Western Mediterranean). Fishes 8(2):117. (Ref. 132125) FB-pic-27177-29424 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif FAO 2001-05-02 2010-07-09 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=27177 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Mokuh_u0.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Mokuh_u0.gif FB-GeneralDescr-27177 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Cristina V. Garilao 1997-06-24 00:00:00 2024-05-21 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=27177 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Found in coastal and oceanic waters (Ref. 5578). Feeds on plankton (Ref. 30573). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Generally found in schools, leaping out of the water (Ref. 11228). Caught rarely in the tuna gillnet fisheries. Utilized for its gill filter plates (high value), meat, cartilage and skin (Ref.58048). Randall, J.E. 1995 Coastal fishes of Oman. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, Hawaii. 439 p. (Ref. 11441) FB-DiagnosticDescr-27177 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Cristina V. Garilao 1998-10-08 00:00:00 2017-11-15 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=27177 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Diseases A small devilray with a short head bearing short head fins; dorsal fin white-tipped, and pectoral fins with slightly curved tips; upper surface with no denticles and tail shorter than disc, with no spine (Ref. 5578). Dark brown above, white below (Ref. 5578). Compagno, L.J.V., D.A. Ebert and M.J. Smale 1989 Guide to the sharks and rays of southern Africa. New Holland (Publ.) Ltd., London. 158 p. (Ref. 5578) FB-Distribution-27177 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Cristina V. Garilao 1997-06-24 00:00:00 2025-11-05 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=27177 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Indo-West Pacific: eastern coast of Africa to Indonesia. Randall, J.E. 1995 Coastal fishes of Oman. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, Hawaii. 439 p. (Ref. 11441) FB-Uses-27177 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Cristina V. Garilao 1997-06-24 00:00:00 2024-05-21 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=27177 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution fisheries: minor commercial; price category: medium; price reliability: very questionable: based on ex-vessel price for species in this family Ahmad, A., A.A. Abdul Haris Hilmi, A.C. Gambang, S. Ahemad and A.R. Solahuddin (eds.) 2004 Elasmobranch resources, utilization, trade and management in Malaysia. Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center. (Ref. 53392) FB-LifeCycle-27177 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1997-06-24 00:00:00 2024-05-21 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=27177&StockCode=21262 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Uses Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Probably giving birth to only one pup; born at ~31 cm WD (Ref.58048). Breder, C.M. and D.E. Rosen 1966 Modes of reproduction in fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey. 941 p. (Ref. 205) FB-TrophicStrategy-27177 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Drina Sta. Iglesia 2001-01-30 00:00:00 2001-01-30 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public kuhlii http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Migration Found in coastal and oceanic waters. Feeds on plankton. Randall, J.E. 1995 Coastal fishes of Oman. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, Hawaii. 439 p. (Ref. 11441) FB-Size-27177 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Cristina V. Garilao 1997-06-24 00:00:00 2024-05-21 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=27177 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#LifeCycle 119 cm WD (male/unsexed; (Ref. 11441)); 120 cm WD (female); max. published weight: 30.0 kg (Ref. 11228) Randall, J.E. 1995 Coastal fishes of Oman. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, Hawaii. 439 p. (Ref. 11441) Heemstra, P.C. 1995 Additions and corrections for the 1995 impression. p. v-xv. In M.M. Smith and P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Revised Edition of Smiths' Sea Fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. (Ref. 11228) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TrophicStrategy Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Habitat-27177 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Cristina V. Garilao 1997-06-24 00:00:00 2024-05-21 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=27177 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size pelagic-oceanic; marine; depth range 0 - 50 m (Ref. 106604) Weigmann, S. 2016 Annotated checklist of the living sharks, batoids and chimaeras (Chondrichthyes) of the world, with a focus on biogeographical diversity. J. Fish Biol. 88(1):1-201. (Ref. 106604)