FB-2557 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2557 Animalia Chordata Elasmobranchii Rajiformes Rajidae Leucoraja Leucoraja erinaceus (Mitchill, 1825) Raja kanadyjska Raia-de-verão Lille rokke Hedgehog skate Little common skate Little skate Little summer skate Siil-helerai Raie hérisson Raie-hérisson Igelkottsrocka Kleine rog Vatos mic 猬鳐 蝟鰩 Leucoraja erinacea (Mitchill, 1825) Raia erinacea Mitchill, 1825 Raja erinacea Mitchill, 1825 Raja erinaceus Mitchill, 1825 1991-05-01 2022-02-17 Breder, C.M. and D.E. Rosen0 Modes of reproduction in fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey. 941 p. (Ref. 205) Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea and W.B. Scott0 A list of common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. (12)1-174. (Ref. 276) Pauly, D.0 A preliminary compilation of fish length growth parameters. Ber. Inst. Meereskd. Christian-Albrechts-Univ. Kiel (55):1-200. 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(Ref. 132183) FB-GeneralDescr-2557 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1991-05-01 00:00:00 2022-02-17 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2557 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Usually on sandy or gravelly bottoms from shoal waters to 90 m depth (Ref. 7251), with temperature range of 1.2-21°C. Benthic (Ref. 5951). Mostly inactive during daylight, but active under dark conditions (Ref. 10807). Feeds on bottom-dwelling organisms such as crabs, shrimps, polychaetes, sea squirts, mollusks, squids and bony fishes (Ref. 27549). Oviparous. Distinct pairing with embrace. Young may tend to follow large objects, such as their mother (Ref. 205). Eggs are oblong capsules with stiff pointed horns at the corners deposited in sandy or muddy flats (Ref. 205). Egg capsules are 4.6-6.3 cm long and 2.7-4.8 cm wide, about 10-35 eggs are laid annually (Ref. 41250). Possesses an electric organ located in the tail region (Ref. 10807). Electric organ discharge (EOD) activity is intermittent (Ref. 10011) and seemed more frequent during dark periods (Ref. 10808). The individual EOD of this species is monophasic, head-negative, and lasts 70 ms (Ref. 10011). McEachran, J.D. and K.A. Dunn 1998 Phylogenetic analysis of skates, a morphologically conservative clade of elasmobranchs (Chondrichthyes: Rajidae). Copeia 1998(2):271-290. (Ref. 27314) FB-Distribution-2557 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1991-05-02 00:00:00 2025-11-06 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2557 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Western Atlantic: southern Gulf of St. Lawrence and Nova Scotia in Canada to North Carolina, USA. Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray 1986 A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251) FB-Uses-2557 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1991-05-01 00:00:00 2022-02-17 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2557 fisheries: minor commercial; price category: low; price reliability: reliable: based on ex-vessel price for this species FB-Migration-2557 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1991-05-01 00:00:00 2022-02-17 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2557 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#LifeCycle Oceanodromous. Migrating within oceans typically between spawning and different feeding areas, as tunas do. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km. Riede, K. 2004 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p. (Ref. 51243) FB-LifeCycle-2557 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1991-05-01 00:00:00 2022-02-17 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=2557&StockCode=2753 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Oviparous, paired eggs are laid. Embryos feed solely on yolk (Ref. 50449). Distinct pairing with embrace. Young may tend to follow large objects, such as their mother (Ref. 205). Breder, C.M. and D.E. Rosen 1966 Modes of reproduction in fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey. 941 p. (Ref. 205) FB-TrophicStrategy-2557 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Pascualita Sa-a 1999-06-12 00:00:00 2007-07-13 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public erinaceus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Prefers water with lower temperature, with a move inshore in winter and offshore into deeper water in summer. Decapod crustaceans and amphipods serve as important foods; also feeds on polychaetes, isopods, molluscs, fishes. Parasites of the species include: 3 protozoans, 2 myxosporidians, nematode and 2 copepods (Ref. 5951). Hacunda, J.S. 1981 Trophic relationships among demersal fishes in a coastal area of the Gulf of Maine. Fish. Bull. 79(4):775-788. (Ref. 26991) FB-Size-2557 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1991-05-01 00:00:00 2022-02-17 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2557 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat 62.0 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 106604)); max. reported age: 12 years (Ref. 88929) Weigmann, S. 2016 Annotated checklist of the living sharks, batoids and chimaeras (Chondrichthyes) of the world, with a focus on biogeographical diversity. J. Fish Biol. 88(1):1-201. (Ref. 106604) McPhie, R.P. and S.E. Campana 2009 Bomb dating and age determination of skates (family Rajidae) off the eastern coast of Canada. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 66 (3):546-560. (Ref. 88929) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Habitat-2557 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1991-05-01 00:00:00 2022-02-17 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2557 demersal; oceanodromous (Ref. 51243); marine; depth range 10 - 914 m (Ref. 106604) Riede, K. 2004 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p. (Ref. 51243) Weigmann, S. 2016 Annotated checklist of the living sharks, batoids and chimaeras (Chondrichthyes) of the world, with a focus on biogeographical diversity. J. Fish Biol. 88(1):1-201. (Ref. 106604)