FB-2059 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2059 Animalia Chordata Elasmobranchii Rajiformes Rajidae Raja Raja clavata Linnaeus, 1758 Piggrokke Piggskate Płaszczka nabijana Raja ciernista Raja nabijana Arraia Lenga Raia-lenga Raia Raia lenga Raia-brocheada Raia-pinta Doringrug-rog Rog Dhelpra e detit Ragja Raja Raja guresh Shori Bakra Baqara Msaffah'a Razza spinosa Morgath ttyds Sømrokke Dornrochen Keulenrochen Keulenstachel Keulen-Stachel Nagelroche Nagelrochen Stachelrochen Steinrochen Maiden ray Rocker Roker Skate Thorny Thornback Thornback maid ray Thornback ray Thornback rough ray Thornback skate Ogarai Naglaskøta Okarausku Clavelade Raie bouclée Raie bouclée clovée Raiton Réagris Zerra bouké Barakula Kamenica Klinka Polig Raza Raža Raža kamenica Dröfnuskata Arzilla di scoglio Arzilla pietrosa Baracola Baracoleta Perdosa Picara pitrusa Picareia Pichira pitrusa Raggia Ragia pitrusa Raia petrosa Raja petrusa Raja pitrusa Rasa Rasa spinosa Rasca petrusa Rascia petroèse Raza Raza pietrosa Razza Razza chiodata Razza di scoglio Razza spinusa Scardano Scritta perdosa Fay Makoba Raja petruza Raja tal-fosos Morskaya lisitsa лисица морская Лисица морская (=скат колючий) скат шиповатый Raza kamenjarka Dinnan Doctot Flair Gunnack Gurney Thornie Wildmeer skate Knaggrocka Deniztilkisi balığı Dikenli vatoz İğnelivatoz balığı Vatoz Vatoz balığı Morska lysitsa Морська лисиця Плахур шипуватий Скат шипуватий Thiaukher Arraizabala Bastina rajada Bramante Clavel Gastaka Pez de mahoma Raia de clavos Rajada Rajada vera Raya común Raya crabuda Raya de clavos Raya punjosa Romaguera Clavellada Kalkanovatos Raïa Raža trnjevka Sálahi Stekelrog Vatos Vátos Vulpe de mare Βάτος Καλκανόβατος Καρκαβάκα Ράγια Ράσα Ράτσα Ρίνα Σαλάχι 背棘鰩 背棘鳐 Cephaleutherus maculatus Rafinesque, 1810 Dasybatis asterias (non Delaroche, 1809) Hieroptera abredonensis Fleming, 1841 Malacoraja clavata (Linnaeus, 1758) Raia aspera Risso, 1810 Raia barnardi (non Norman, 1935) Raia clavata Linnaeus, 1758 Raia rhizacanthus Regan, 1906 Raia rubus Bloch, 1784 Raja aspera Risso, 1810 Raja asterias (non Delaroche, 1809) Raja bonaespeiensis Fowler, 1910 Raja capensis Müller & Henle, 1841 Raja gesneri (non Cuvier, 1829) Raja leiobatos Gronow, 1854 Raja maderensis (non Lowe, 1838) Raja pontica Pallas, 1914 Raja punctata (non Woodward, 1900-01) Raja rubus Bloch, 1784 1991-01-18 2017-09-09 Möller, H. and K. Anders0 Diseases and parasites of marine fishes. Verlag Möller, Kiel. 365 p. (Ref. 194) Breder, C.M. and D.E. Rosen0 Modes of reproduction in fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey. 941 p. (Ref. 205) Coull, K.A., A.S. Jermyn, A.W. Newton, G.I. Henderson and W.B. Hall0 Length/weight relationships for 88 species of fish encountered in the North Atlantic. Scottish Fish. Res. Rep. (43):80 p. (Ref. 268) Flower, S.S.0 Further notes on the duration of life in animals. I. Fishes: as determined by otolith and scale-readings and direct observations on living individuals. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 2:265-304. (Ref. 274) Svetovidov, A.N.0 Handbook of the fauna of the USSR, fishes of the Black Sea. Izdatel'stvo Nauka, Moscow, 550 p. (Ref. 897) Holden, M.T.0 The growth rates of <i>Raja brachyura</i>, <i>R. clavata</i> and <i>R. montagui</i> as determined from tagging data. J. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer. 34(2):161-168. (Ref. 1124) Linnaeus, C.0 Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordinus, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae. 824 p. (Ref. 1652) Nijssen, H. and S.J. de Groot0 Catalogue of fish species of the Netherlands. Beaufortia 21(285):173-207. (Ref. 1756) Hughes, G.M. and M. Morgan0 The structure of fish gills in relation to their respiratory function. Biol. Revs. 48(3):419-475. (Ref. 2302) Hughes, G.M.0 Distribution of oxygen tension in the blood and water along the secondary lamella of icefish gills. J. Exp. Biol. 56:481-492. (Ref. 2303) Hughes, G.M. and D.E. Wright0 A comparative study of the ultrastructure of the water/blood pathway in the secondary lamellae of teleost and elasmobranch fishes - benthic forms. Z. Zellforsch. 104:478-493. (Ref. 2304) Schneider, W.0 FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Field guide to the commercial marine resources of the Gulf of Guinea. Prepared and published with the support of the FAO Regional Office for Africa. Rome: FAO. 268 p. (Ref. 2683) Hulley, P.A.0 Rajidae. p. 115-127. In M.M. Smith and P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. (Ref. 2708) Bianchi, G.0 Fichas FAO de identifacao de espécies para propósitos comerciais. Guia de campo para as espécies comerciais marinhas e de águas salobras de Angola. Preparado com o apoio da NORAD e da FAO (FIRM) Programa Regular, FAO, Rome. 184 p. (Ref. 3166) Stehmann, M. and D.L. Bürkel0 Rajidae. p. 163-196. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean. UNESCO, Paris. vol. 1. (Ref. 3167) Bauchot, M.-L.0 Raies et autres batoides. p. 845-886. In W. Fischer, M.L. Bauchot and M. Schneider (eds.) Fiches FAO d'identificationpour les besoins de la pêche. (rev. 1). Mèditerranée et mer Noire. Zone de pêche 37. Vol. II. Commission des Communautés Européennes and FAO, Rome. (Ref. 3261) Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development0 Multilingual dictionary of fish and fish products. Fishing News Books, Oxford. (Ref. 3383) Ryland, J.S. and T.O. Ajayi0 Growth and population dynamics of three <i>Raja</i> species (Batoidei) in Carmarthen Bay, British Isles. J. Const. int. Explor. Mer 41:111-120. (Ref. 3603) Stehmann, M.0 Rajidae. p. 29-50. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic. Junta Nacional de Investigaçao Cientifica e Tecnológica, Lisbon, Portugal. Vol. 1. (Ref. 4426) Hureau, J.-C.0 La base de données GICIM: Gestion informatisée des collections ichthyologiques du Muséum. p. 225-227. In Atlas Préliminaire des Poissons d'Eau Douce de France. Conseil Supérieur de la Pêche, Ministère de l'Environnement, CEMAGREF et Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris. (Ref. 4517) Muus, B. and P. Dahlström0 Meeresfische der Ostsee, der Nordsee, des Atlantiks. BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München. 244 p. (Ref. 4645) International Game Fish Association0 World record game fishes. International Game Fish Association, Florida, USA. (Ref. 4699) Abdel-Aziz, S.H.0 The use of vertebral rings of the brown ray <i>Raja miraletus</i> (Linnaeus, 1758) off Egyptian Mediterranean coast for estimation of age and growth. Cybium 16(2):121-132. (Ref. 4760) Brander, K. and D. Palmer0 Growth rate of <i>Raja clavata</i> in the north east Irish Sea. J. Cons. CIEM 42:125-128. (Ref. 4764) Ajayi, T.O.0 Food and feeding habits of <i>Raja</i> species (Batoidei) in Carmarthen Bay, Bristol Channel. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 62:215-223. (Ref. 4921) FAO0 FAO yearbook. Fishery statistics: catches and landings. Vol. 70: 1990. FAO Fish. Ser. 38:647 p. (Ref. 4931) Wheeler, A.0 A list of the common and scientific names of fishes of the British Isles. J. Fish Biol. 41(suppl.A):1-37. (Ref. 5204) Compagno, L.J.V., D.A. Ebert and M.J. Smale0 Guide to the sharks and rays of southern Africa. New Holland (Publ.) Ltd., London. 158 p. (Ref. 5578) Kotlyar, A.N.0 Dictionary of names of marine fishes on the six languages. All Union Research Institute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography, Moscow. 288 p. (Ref. 5969) Dorel, D.0 Poissons de l'Atlantique nord-est relations taille-poids. Institut Francais de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer. Nantes, France. 165 p. (Ref. 6014) Muus, B.J. and P. Dahlstrøm0 Havfisk og Fiskeri i Nordvesteuropa. GEC Gads Forlag, København, 244 p. (in Danish). (Ref. 6302) Grabda, E. and T. Heese0 Polskie nazewnictwo popularne kraglouste i ryby. Cyclostomata et Pisces. Wyzsza Szkola Inzynierska w Koszalinie. Koszalin, Poland. 171 p. (in Polish). (Ref. 6313) Brito, A.0 Catalogo de los pesces de las Islas Canarias. Francisco Lemus, la Laguna. 230 p. (Ref. 6808) Chiarelli, A.B. and E. Capanna0 Cytotaxonomy and vertebrate evolution. Academic Press Inc., London. (Ref. 8533) Nygren, A., B. Nilsson and M. Jahnke0 Cytological study in Hypotremata and Pleurotremata (Pisces). Hereditas 67:275-282. (Ref. 8537) Vasil'ev, V.P.0 Chromosome numbers in fish-like vertebrates and fish. J. Ichthyol. 20(3):1-38. (Ref. 8973) FAO0 FAO Yearbook. Fishery statistics: catches and landings. Vol. 74: 1992. FAO Fish. Ser. 43:677 p. (Ref. 8984) Economidis, P.S.0 Catalogue of the fishes of Greece. Reprinted from Hellenic Oceanology and Limnology, Praktika of the Inst. of Ocean. and Fishing Research, vol. 11 (1972). (Ref. 9057) Bruce, J.R., J.S. Colman and N.S. Jones0 Marine fauna of the Isle of Man. Memoir No. 36. Liverpool University Press, Liverpool. (Ref. 9488) Flintegård, H.0 Fishes in the North Sea Museum's aquaria. North Sea Museum, North Sea Centre, DK-9850 Hirtshals. Hirtshals Bogtryk/Offset A/S. (Ref. 9900) Frimodt, C.0 Multilingual illustrated guide to the world's commercial warmwater fish. Fishing News Books, Osney Mead, Oxford, England. 215 p. (Ref. 9987) Stehmann, M.0 Rajidae. p. 58-69. In J.C. Hureau and Th. Monod (eds.) Checklist of the fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and of the Mediterranean (CLOFNAM), UNESCO, Paris, Vol. 1. (Ref. 9995) Fritzsch, B. and P. Moller0 A history of electroreception. p. 39-55. In P. Moller (ed.) Electric fishes:history and behavior. Fish and Fisheries Series 17. Chapman & Hall, London. (Ref. 10311) Joensen, J.S. and Å. Vedel Tåning0 Marine and freshwater fishes. Zoology of the Faroes LXII-LXIII, 241 p. Reprinted form. (Ref. 10953) Kinzer, J.0 Aquarium Kiel: Beschreibungen zur Biologie der ausgestellten Tierarten. Institut für Meereskunde an der Universität Kiel. pag. var. (Ref. 12253) Jonsson, G.0 Islenskir fiskar. Fiolvi, Reykjavik, 568 pp. (Ref. 12462) Gibson, R.N. and I.A. Ezzi0 Feeding relationships of a demersal fish assemblage on the west coast of Scotland. J. Fish Biol. 31(1):55-69. (Ref. 12577) Anonymous0 Fish registrations within the museum database of the Vertebrate Section of the Royal Museum for Central Africa. MRAC, Tervuren, Belgium. (Ref. 12818) Amori, G., F.M. Angelici, S. Frugis, G. Gandolfi, R. Groppali, B. Lanza, G. Relini and G. Vicini0 Vertebrata. In A. Minelli, S. Ruffo and S. La Posta (eds.) Checklist delle specie della fauna Italiana, 110. Calderini, Bologna, 83 p. (Ref. 13729) Merella, P., A. Quetglas, F. Alemany and A. Carbonell0 Length-weight relationship of fishes and cephalopods from the Balearic Islands (western Mediterranean). Naga, ICLARM Q. 20(3-4):66-68. (Ref. 26178) Eschmeyer, W.N. (ed.)0 Catalog of fishes. Special Publication, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. 3 vols. 2905 p. (Ref. 26282) Costa, F.0 Atlante dei pesci dei mari italiani. Gruppo Ugo Mursia Editore S.p.A. Milano, Italy. 438 p. (Ref. 26335) Sanches, J.G.0 Nomenclatura Portuguesa de organismos aquáticos (proposta para normalização estatística). Publ. Avuls. Inst. Nac. Invest. Pescas 14:322 p. (Ref. 26388) Sanches, J.G.0 Catálogo dos principais peixes marinhos da República de Guiné-Bissau. Publ. Avuls. Inst. Nac. Invest. Pescas 16:429 p. (Ref. 26999) Bianchi, G., K.E. Carpenter, J.-P. Roux, F.J. Molloy, D. Boyer and H.J. Boyer0 FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. Field guide to the living marine resources of Namibia. FAO, Rome. 265p. (Ref. 27121) Sánchez, F., F. de la Gándara and R. Gancedo0 Atlas de los peces demersales de Galicia y el Cantábrico. Otoño 1991-1993. Publicaciones Especiales, Instituto Español de Oceanografia, Madrid, Spain (20). 100 p. (Ref. 27156) McEachran, J.D. and K.A. Dunn0 Phylogenetic analysis of skates, a morphologically conservative clade of elasmobranchs (Chondrichthyes: Rajidae). Copeia 1998(2):271-290. (Ref. 27314) ICES Demersal Fish Committee0 Report of the Study Group on Elasmobranchs. ICES CM /G:2, 123 p. (Ref. 27347) Walker, P.A., J.I.J. Witte and H. van Steenbergen0 Growth and maturation of ray species in the North Sea: a comparative study. (in prep.). (Ref. 27365) Ellis, J.R., M.G. Pawson and S.E. Shackley0 The comparative feeding ecology of six species of shark and four species of ray (Elasmobranchii) in the north-east Atlantic. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 76(1):89-106. (Ref. 28070) Appleby, C.0 List of Norwegian common names of fishes. Unpublished. (Ref. 28571) Went, A.E.J.0 List of Irish fishes. Department of Lands, Fisheries Division, Dublin. 31 p. (Ref. 28679) Stingo, V.0 New developments in vertebrate cytotaxonomy. II. The chromosomes of the cartilaginous fishes. Genetica 50(3):227-239. (Ref. 29443) Arkhipchuk, V.V.0 Chromosome database. Database of Dr. Victor Arkhipchuk. (Ref. 30184) Kullander, S.O.0 Swedish fishes: checklist of Swedish fishes. Swedish Museum of Natural History. http://www.nrm.se/ve/pisces/allfish.shtml.en, 25 May 1999. (Ref. 30402) Rass, T.S.0 Fish. Vol. 4, Life of animals. V.E. Sokolov (ed.), Moscow: Prosveschenie. 575p. (Ref. 30503) Swedish Museum of Natural History0 Fish collection database of the Naturhistoriska riksmuseet (Swedish Museum of Natural History). Ichthyology Section, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden. (Ref. 31402) Wu, H.L., K.-T. Shao and C.F. Lai (eds.)0 Latin-Chinese dictionary of fishes names. The Sueichan Press, Taiwan. 1028 p. (Ref. 31517) Anonymous0 Fish collection database of the Natural History Museum, London (formerly British Museum of Natural History (BMNH)). Natural History Museum, London (formerly British Museum of Natural History (BMNH)). (Ref. 31982) Eschmeyer, W.N. (ed.)0 Catalog of fishes. Updated database version of November 1999. Catalog databases as made available to FishBase in November 1999. (Ref. 33021) Fricke, R.0 Fishes of the Mascarene Islands (Réunion, Mauritius, Rodriguez): an annotated checklist, with descriptions of new species. Koeltz Scientific Books, Koenigstein, Theses Zoologicae, Vol. 31:759 p. (Ref. 33390) Soljan, T.0 I pesci dell'Adriatico. Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, Verona, Italy. (Ref. 33798) Lanfranco, G.G.0 The fish around Malta (Central Mediterranean). Progress Press Co. Ltd. (Malta). 132 p. (Ref. 33971) Klinkhardt, M, M. Tesche and H. Greven0 Database of fish chromosomes. Westarp Wissenschaften. (Ref. 34370) Alegre, M., J. Lleonart and J. Veny0 Espècies pesqueres d'interès comercial. Nomenclatura oficial catalana. Departament de Cultura, Generalitat Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain. (Ref. 35117) Santos, R.S., F.M. Porteiro and J.P. Barreiros0 Marine fishes of the Azores: annotated checklist and bibliography. Bulletin of the University of Azores. Supplement 1. 244 p. (Ref. 35204) Muus, B.J. and J.G. Nielsen0 Sea fish. Scandinavian Fishing Year Book, Hedehusene, Denmark. 340 p. (Ref. 35388) Anonymous0 The icthyological collection of the Zoological Museum Hamburg (ZMH). Division of Ichthyology and Herpetology, Zoological Museum Hamburg (ZMH). (Ref. 35508) Anonymous0 Fish collection database of the Intitut fur Seefischerei (ISH). BIOLAB Forschungsinstitut, Hohenwestedt, Germany. (Ref. 35509) Compagno, L.J.V.0 Checklist of living elasmobranchs. p. 471-498. In W.C. Hamlett (ed.) Sharks, skates, and rays: the biology of elasmobranch fishes. Johns Hopkins University Press, Maryland. (Ref. 35766) Winkler, H.M., K. Skora, R. Repecka, M. Ploks, A. Neelov, L. Urho, A. Gushin and H. Jespersen0 Checklist and status of fish species in the Baltic Sea. ICES CM 2000/Mini:11, 15 p. (Ref. 36252) Hilton-Taylor, C.0 2000 IUCN red list of threatened species. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. xviii + 61 p. (with 1 CD-ROM). (Ref. 36508) Anonymous0 Fish collection database of the J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, Grahamstown, South Africa. J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, Grahamstown, South Africa. (Ref. 36670) Bianchi, G., K.E. Carpenter, J.-P. Roux, F.J. Molloy, D. Boyer and H.J. Boyer0 FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. Field guide to the living marine resources of Namibia. FAO, Rome. 265 p. (Ref. 36731) De Gee, A. and A.H. Kikkert0 Analysis of the grey gurnard (<i>Eutrigla gurnardus</i>) samples collected during the 1991 International Stomach Sampling Project. ICES C.M. 1993/G:14. 25 p. (Ref. 37661) Daan, N., B. Johnson, J.R. Larsen and H. Sparholt0 Analysis of the ray (<i>Raja</i> spec.) samples collected during the 1991 International Stomach Sampling Project. ICES C.M. 1993/G:15. 17 p. (Ref. 37666) Anonymous0 Fish collection database of the National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian Institution). Smithsonian Institution-Division of Fishes. (Ref. 38732) Maxim, C. and N. Papadopol0 Clasa Osteichthyes. Diversity of Living World-An illustrated guide book of Rumanian biota. The Marine Environment coordinated by Müller, G.I., Bucuresti. (Ref. 39186) Capapé, C. and M. Desoutter0 Nouvelle description de <i>Raja (Raja) clavata</i> Linnaeus, 1758 et note sur la validité de <i>Raja (Raja) capensis</i> Müller et Henle, 1841. Cybium 5(4):23-39. (Ref. 39246) Anonymous0 Fish collection database of CSIC. CSIC, Spain. (Ref. 39328) Crespo, J., J. Gajate and R. Ponce0 Clasificación científica e identificación de nombres vernáculos existentes en la base de datos de seguimiento informático de recursos naturales oceánicos. Instituto Español de Oceanografia, Madrid, Spain. 414 p. (Ref. 39531) Frisk, M.G., T.J. Miller and M.J. Fogarty0 Estimation and analysis of biological parameters in elasmobranch fishes: a comparative life history study. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 58:969-981. (Ref. 39963) IGFA0 Database of IGFA angling records until 2001. IGFA, Fort Lauderdale, USA. (Ref. 40637) Anonymous0 Fish collection database of the Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen. Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen. (Ref. 40919) Ishihara, H.0 Study on the systematics and fishery resources of the North Pacific skates (Pisces: Chondrichthyes: Rajidae). Tokyo University. 186 p. Ph.D. dissertation. (Ref. 41249) Bor, P.0 Egg-capsules of sharks and skates. www.rajidae.tmfweb.nl/rogtabel.html (Ref. 41250) Lacourt, A.W.0 Eikapsels van de kraakbeenvissen, roggen, haaien, draakvissen (Chondrichthyes) van Noord-en West Europa. Wetenschap. Meded. (135):1-27 p. (Ref. 41251) Bor, P.H.F.0 Eikapsels van haaien en roggen. Wetenschap. Med. (223):1-48. (Ref. 41303) Lythgoe, J. and G. Lythgoe0 Vissen van de Europese kutswateren en de Middlellandse Zee. 335 p. (Ref. 41304) Walker, P.A.0 Fleeting images. Dynamics of North Sea ray populations. University of Amsterdam. 145 p. Ph.D. dissertation. (Ref. 41305) Notarbartolo-di-Sciara, G. and I. Bianchi0 Guida degli squali e delle razze del Mediterraneo. 388 p. (Ref. 41314) Anonymous0 Fish collection database of the American Museum of Natural History. American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West , NY 10024-5192, USA. (Ref. 41414) Economidis, P.S.0 Common names of Hellenic marine fishes. Aristotle University, Unpublished Technical Report. (Ref. 41474) Economidis, P.S. and E. Koutrakis0 Common names of comercially important Hellenic marine organisms. Aristotle University, Unpublished Technical Report. (Ref. 41475) Deval, M.C.0 Common names of marine fishes of Turkey. Unpublished report. (Ref. 41476) Sammut, R.0 Mediterranean sea fishes (Central Region). Qormi: SRT Press, 203 p. (Ref. 41523) Stehmann, M.0 A record of <i>Raja clavata</i>, the eastern atlantic Thornback Skate, from the southern Madagascar ridge at Walters Shoal (Elasmobranchii, Rajidae). J. Ichthyol. 35(5):63-73. (Ref. 41670) Holden, M.J. and R.N. Tucker0 The food of <i>Raja clavata</i> Linnaeus 1758, <i>Raja montagui</i> Fowler 1910, <i>Raja naevus</i> Müller and Henle 1841 and <i>Raja brachyura</i> Lafont 1873 in British waters. J. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer. 35(2):189-193. (Ref. 41849) Ebeling, E.0 A brief survey of the feeding preferences of <i>Raja clavata</i> in Red Wharf Bay in the Irish Sea. p. 1-5 plus tables. ICES, C.M. 1988/G:58, Demersal Fish Committee. (Ref. 42683) Nunes, A.0 Peixes da Madeira. Edição da Junta Geral do distrito Autón. (Ref. 43402) Bor, P.H.F.0 Nederlandse naamlijst van de recente haaien en roggen (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii) van de wereld. World Wide Web electronic publication www.rajidae.tmfweb.nl, version (05/2002). (Ref. 43454) Granzotto, A.0 List of common Italian names. Personal communication (Excel file). (Ref. 45163) Salekhova, L.P., N.S. Kostenko, T.A. Bogachick and O.N. Minibaeva0 Composition of ichthyofauna in the region of the Karadag State Reserve (Black Sea). J. Ichthyol. 28(2):16-23. (Ref. 45714) Bundesanstalt für Landwirtschaft und Ernährung0 Verzeichnis der Handelsbezeichnungen für Erzeugnisse der Fischerei und der Aquakultur. Retrieved 17 June 2003, from http://www.ble.de. (Ref. 47487) Serena, F., R. Baino and P. Righini0 Geographical and depth distribution of rays in northern Tyrrhenian sea. Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer. Méditerr. 31(2):277. (Ref. 47570) Ricker, W.E.0 Russian-English dictionary for students of fisheries and aquatic biology. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Ottawa. (Ref. 48321) Luther, W. and K. Fiedler0 Guida della fauna marina costiera del Mediterraneo. Atlante illustrato a colori. Franco Muzzio & C. (editore), Roma. 244p. (Ref. 48500) Papaconstantinou, C.0 Check-list of marine fishes of Greece. Fauna Graeciae IV, 257 p. (Ref. 48657) Labropoulou, M. and C. Papaconstantinou0 Community structure of deep-sea demersal fish in the North Aegean Sea (northeastern Mediterranean). Hydrobiologia 440:281-296. (Ref. 49586) Quignard, J.P. and J.A. Tomasini0 Mediterranean fish biodiversity. Biol. Mar. Mediterr. 7(3):1-66. (Ref. 50345) Anonymous0 Welsh names of animals and plants: I Vertebrates: fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. p.17-26. In W.B.L. Evans (ed.) Cyfres enwan (creaduriaid a phlauhigion: I creaduriaid asgwrn-cefn pysgod, amffibiaid, ymlusgiaid, adar a mamaliaid. Cymdeithas Edward Llwyd. (Ref. 50359) Borges, T.C., S. Olim and K. Erzini0 Weight-length relationship for fish species discarded in commercial fisheries of the Algarve (southern Portugal). J. Appl. Ichthyol. 19(6):394-396. (Ref. 50427) Dulvy, N.K. and J.D. Reynolds0 Evolutionary transitions among egg-laying, live-bearing and maternal inputs in sharks and rays. Proc. R. Soc. Lond., Ser. B: Biol. Sci. 264:1309-1315. (Ref. 50449) Morato, T., E. Solà, M.P. Grós and G. Menezes0 Diets of thornback ray (<i>Raja clavata</i>) and tope shark (<i>Galeorhinus galeus</i>) in the bottom longline fishery of the Azores, Northeastern Atlantic. Fish Bull. 101:590-602. (Ref. 50615) Louisy, P.0 Guide d'identification des poissons marins. Europe et Méditerranée. Paris: Eds. Eugène Ulmer. (Ref. 50675) Hureau, J.-C. and T. Monod (eds.)0 Supplement. Check-list of the fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and of the Mediterranean. p.339-394. In J.-C. Hureau and Th. Monod (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and of the Mediterranean.United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Paris, France. Vols 1-2. 683 p. (Ref. 51024) Thiel, R., H. Cabral and M.J. Costa0 Composition, temporal changes and ecological guild classification of the ichthyofaunas of large European estuaries - a comparison between the Tagus (Portugal) and the Elbe (Germany). J. Appl. Ichthyol. 19(5):330-342. (Ref. 51031) Mouritsen, R.0 Fiskanøvn. www.frs.fo/frame2.htm (Ref. 51094) Rochard, E. and P. Elie0 La macrofaune aquatique de l'estuaire de la Gironde. Contribution au livre blanc de l'Agence de l'Eau Adour Garonne. p. 1-56. In J.-L. Mauvais and J.-F. Guillaud (eds.) État des connaissances sur l'estuaire de la Gironde. Agence de l'Eau Adour-Garonne, Éditions Bergeret, Bordeaux, France. 115 p. (Ref. 51442) George, M.0 Haie, Rochen und Chimären in der Nord- und Ostsee. Elasmoskop 8(1):10-16. (Ref. 52268) Sulikowski, J.A., J. Kneebone, S. Elzey, J. Jurek, P.D. Danley, W. Huntting Howell and P.C.W. Tsang0 Age and growth estimates of the thorny skate (<i>Amblyraja radiata</i>) in the western Gulf of Maine. Fish. Bull. 103:161-168. (Ref. 53748) Bedford, B.C., L.E. Woolner and B.W. Jones0 Length-weight relationships for commercial fish species and conversion factors for various presentations. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. Directorate of Fisheries Research. Fisheries Research Data Report No. 10. (Ref. 54271) Watt, R.A.0 A glossary of Scottish dialect fish and trade names. Scott. Fish. Inf. Pam. No. 17. (Ref. 54730) Mohamed Fall, K.O.0 Fishes of Mauritania. Unpublished compilation of K.O. Mohamed Fall. (Ref. 55783) Pallaoro, A., I. Jardas and M. Santic0 Weight-length relationships for 11 chondrichthyan species in the eastern Adriatic Sea. Cybium 29(1):93-96. (Ref. 55866) Mytilineou, C., C.-Y. Politou, C. Papaconstantinou, S. Kavadas, G. D'Onghia and L. Sion0 Deep-water fish fauna in the Eastern Ionian Sea. Belg. J. Zool., 135(2):229-233. (Ref. 56504) Iacob, L. and I. Dima0 Regnul Animalia. Eukarya. Enciclopedia Florei si Faunei din Romania. (Ref. 56616) Filiz, H. and S. Mater0 A preliminary study on length-weight relationships for seven elesmobranch species from North Aegean Sea, Turkey. E.U. Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences 19(3-4):401-409. (Ref. 57057) Filiz, H. and G. Bilge0 Length-weight relationships of 24 fish species from the North Aegean Sea, Turkey. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 20:431-432. (Ref. 57058) Gomes, T.M., E. Sola, M.P. Grós, G. Menezes and M.R. Pinho0 Trophic relationships and feeding habits of demersal fishes from the Azores: importance to multispecies assessment. ICES C.M. 1998/O:7. (Ref. 57504) Ecomarg Project0 Biodiversity: Cantabrian Sea, Galician Shelf and Le Danois Bank. Ecomarg Project (ecomarg.net). (Ref. 57747) Bilecenoğlu, M., Taskavak E., S. Mater and M. Kaya0 Checklist of the marine fishes of Turkey. Zootaxa 113(1):1-194. (Ref. 57855) Baissac, J. de B.0 SWIOP/WP/54 - Checklist of the marine fishes of Mauritius. RAF/87/008/WP/54/90 Regional Project for the Development & Management of Fisheries in the Southwest Indian Ocean. (Ref. 58078) Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences0 Chinese aquatic germplasm resources database. http://zzzy.fishinfo.cn (Ref. 58108) Fricke, R., M. Bilecenoglu and H.M. Sari0 Annotated checklist of fish and lamprey species (Gnathostoma and Petromyzontomorphi) of Turkey, including a Red List of threatened and declining species. Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturk. Sea A (706):1-172. (Ref. 58342) Plejic, T.0 Fische der Adria. Das romanische Element in der kroatischen Ichthyofauna. Mit Glossar der Adriafische Kroatisch-Englisch-Deutsch-Italienisch. Diploma Thesis. University of Leipzig Institute of Applied Linguistics and Translational Studies. (Ref. 58723) Mendes, B., P. Fonseca and A. Campos0 Weight-length relationships for 46 fish species of the Portugese west coast. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 20:355-361. (Ref. 59122) Cooper, G.P.0 Not given. Papers of Michigan Academy of Sci. 22:587. (Ref. 72473) George, M.R. and H. Zidowitz0 Checkliste der europäischen Knorpelfischarten mit wissenschaftlichen und deutschen Namen. Z. Fischk. Bd. 8 Heft 1/2:71-81. (Ref. 74429) Wirtz, P., R. Fricke and M.J. Biscoito0 The coastal fishes of Madeira Island - new records and an annotated check-list. Zootaxa 1715:1-26. (Ref. 74541) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis, 29 April 2008. (Ref. 75549) Rogers, S.I. and R.S. Millner0 Factors affecting the annual abundance and regional distribution of English inshore demersal fish populations: 1973 to 1995. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 53:1094-1112. (Ref. 80786) Byrkjedal, I. and Å. Høines0 Distribution of demersal fish in the south-western Barents Sea. Polar Research 26:2007 135-151. (Ref. 80858) Krstulović Sifner, S., N. Vrgoć, V.: Isajlović, I. Dadić, M. Peharda and C. Piccinetti0 Long-term changes in distribution and demographic composition of thornback ray, <i>Raja clavata</i>, in the northern and central Adriatic Sea. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 25(Suppl.1):40-46. (Ref. 81817) Hunter, E., A.A. Buckley, C. Stewart and J.D. Metcalfe0 Migratory behaviour of the thornback ray, <i>Raja clavata</i> in the southern North Sea. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 85:1095-1105. (Ref. 82314) Machado, P.B., L.S. Gordo and I. Figueiredo0 Skate and ray species composition in mainland Portugal from the commercial landings. Aquat. Living Resour. 17:231-234. (Ref. 82320) Rogers, S.I., D. Maxwell, A.D. Rijnsdorp, U. Damm and W. Vanheed0 Fishing effects in northeast Atlantic shelf seas: patterns in fishing effort, diversity and community structure. IV. Can comparisons of species diversity be used to assess human impacts on demersal fish faunas?. Fish. Res. 40(2):135-152. (Ref. 82397) Ellis, J.R., A. Cruz-Martinez, B.D. Rackham and S.I. Rodgers0 The distribution of Chondrichthyan fishes around the British Isles and implications for conservation. J. Northw. Atl. Fish. Sci., Vol. 35:195-213. (Ref. 82399) Gallagher, M.J., C.P. Nolan and F. Jeal0 Age, growth and maturity of the commercial ray species from the Irish Sea. J. Northw. Atl. Fish. Sci., 35: 47-66. (Ref. 82418) Fahy, E.0 Fisheries for ray (Batoidei) in western statistical area VIIa, investigated through the commercial catches I. Department of Marine, Dublin. Irish Fish. Investigations, Ser. B (Marine), 34: 14 p. (Ref. 82452) Whittamore, J.M. and I.D. McCarthy0 The population biology of the thornback ray, <i>Raja clavata</i> in Caernarfon Bay, NorthWales. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 85:1089-1094. (Ref. 82453) Lesser, J.H.R.0 Studies on ray stocks of the south-eastern Irish Sea. MSc thesis, University of Wales, Bangor,Wales. (Ref. 82480) Demirhan, S.A., S. Semih Engin, K. Seyhan and E. Akamca0 Some biological aspects of thornback ray (<i>Raja clavata</i> L., 1758) in the southeastern Black Sea. Turk. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 5: 75-83 (2005). (Ref. 82763) HELCOM0 HELCOM red list of threatened and declining species of lampreys and fishes of the Baltic Sea. Baltic Sea Environmental Proc. No. 109. 40 pp. (Ref. 83294) Dhora, Dh.0 Regjistër I specieve të faunës së Shqipërisë 2010. Shkodër: Camaj-Pipa. 208 p. (Ref. 83428) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en, March 2010. (Ref. 83882) Rutkowicz, S.0 Encyklopedia ryb morskich (Encyclopaedia of sea fishes). Wydawnictwo Morskie, Gdańsk, pp. 663. (Ref. 84168) Ilkyaz, A.T., G.: Soykan, O. Metin and H.T. Kinacigil0 Length-weight relationship of 62 fish species from the Central Aegean Sea, Turkey. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 24:699-702. (Ref. 86317) Bañón, R., D. Villegas-Ríos, A. Serrano, G. Mucientes and J.C. Arronte0 Marine fishes from Galicia (NW Spain): an updated checklist. Zootaxa 2667:1-27. (Ref. 86578) Işmen, A., O. Ozen, U. Altinagac, U. Ozekinci and A. Ayaz0 Weight-length relationships of 63 fish species in Saros Bay, Turkey. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 23:707-708. (Ref. 86713) Dhora, Dh.0 Fjalor i emrave të kafshëve të Shqipërisë (Emri shkencor - Shqip - Anglisht) / Dictionary of animal names of Albania (Scientific names - Albanian - English). Camaj - Pipa. Shkodër, Albania. pp. 288. (Ref. 87029) Bat, L., Y. Erdem, S. Ustaoğlu, Ö Yardım and H. Hüseyin Satılmış0 A study on the fishes of the Central Black Sea coast of Turkey. J. Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment 11:291-296. (Ref. 88083) Bok, T.D., SD. Gokturk, A.E. Kahraman, T.Z. Alicli, T. Acun and C. Ates0 Length-weight relationships of 34 fish species from the Sea of Marmara, Turkey. J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 10(23):3037-3042. (Ref. 88088) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en, March 2012. (Ref. 90062) Torres, M.A., F. Ramos and I. Sobrino0 Length-weight relationships of 76 fish species from the Gulf of Cadiz (SW Spain). Fish. Res. 127-128:171-175. (Ref. 91095) Yankova, M., D. Pavlov, V. Raykov, V. Mihneva and G. Radu0 Length-weight relationships of ten fish species from the Bulgarian Black Sea waters. Turk. J. Zool. 35(2):265-270. (Ref. 91128) ICES0 Stomach Dataset. ICES-CIEM Stomach Data (1981-2010). Copenhagen. Available online at http://ecosystemdata.ices.dk/stomachdata/index.aspx. Consulted on 2012-10-22. (Ref. 92354) Miniconi, R. and Parc naturel régional de la Corse0 Parc naturel régional de Corse: poissons de Corse et de Méditerranée. Ajaccio: Parc naturel régional de la Corse; [Clermont-Ferrand] : Atelier de recherche des parcs pour l'expression graphique et l'édition, 116 p. (Ref. 94543) Başusta, A., N. Başusta, J.A. Sulikowski, W.B.III Driggers, S.A. Demirhan and E. Çiçek0 Length-weight relationships for nine species of batoids from the Iskenderun Bay, Turkey. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 28:850-851. (Ref. 94836) Yiğin, C.C. and A. Işmen0 Length-weight relationships for seven rays from Saros Bay (North Aegean Sea). J. Appl. Ichthyol. 25(Suppl.1):106-108. (Ref. 94911) Goren, M.0 The fishes of the Mediterranean: a biota under siege. pp. 385-400. In Goffredo, S. and Z. Dubinsky. 2014. The Mediterranean Sea: its history and present challenges. Springer Netherlands. 655 pp. (Ref. 95489) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en, April 2014. (Ref. 95632) Lloris, D., J. Rucabado, Ll. del Cerro, F. Portas, M. Demestre and A. Roig0 Tots els peixos del Mar Català. I: Llistat de cites I referències. Treballs Soc. Cat. Ict. Herp. 1:1-208. (Ref. 95727) Bertrand, J.0 Les populations ichthyologiques démersales du plateau/SRM MO. Méditerranée 5(9): (Ref. 95734) Lorance, P.0 Les populations ichtyologiques démersales profondes de la sous-région marine Méditerranée occidentale, contribution thématiques DCSMM, évaluation de l'état initial, caractéristiques biologiques - biocoenoses. DCSMM/EI/MO (2011). (Ref. 95735) Trenkel, V.M., O. Berthelé, P. Lorance, J. Bertrand, A. BrindÁmour, M.-L. Cochard, F. Coppin, J.-P. Leauté, J.-C. Mahé, J. Morin, M.-J. Rochet, M. Salaun, A. Souplet and Y. Vérin0 Atlas des grands invertébrés et poissons observés par less campagnes scientifiques. Bilan 2008. Ifremer, Nantes, EMH:09-003. 100 p. (Ref. 95738) Gaertner, J.C., J.A. Bertrand, D. Samani and A. Souplet0 Spatio-temporal organization patterns of demersal assemblages of the east coast of Corsica (Mediterranean Sea). Vie. Et. Milieu-Life and Environment 55:205-213. (Ref. 95770) Francour, P., P. Bodilis, J.M. Cottalorda and C. Seytre0 Inventaire des Gobiidae dans la réserve naturelle de Scandola (Corse) et à proximité de ses limites. Contrat Parc Naturel Régional de la Corse. Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, ECOMERS publ., Nice:1-54. (Ref. 95773) de Caraffa, T.0 Les poissons de mer et la pêche sur les côtes de la Corse. 2e ed. Paris (France): L. Fournier, 336 p. (Ref. 95841) Psomadakis, P.N., S. Giustino and M. Vacchi0 Mediterranean fish biodiversity: an updated inventory with focus on the Ligurian and Tyrrhenian seas. Zootaxa 3263:1-46. (Ref. 95871) Miniconi, R.0 Complément à l'inventaire des poissons des eaux de Corse (1994-2011). Biologie - Pȇche - Localisation. Edition A Barcella Ajaccio, 50 p. (Ref. 96325) Sadio, O.0 Common names of some fish species in Senegal. Unpublished compilation of O. Sadio. (Ref. 98752) Barría, C., J. Navarro, M. Coll, U. Fernancez-Arcaya and R. Sáez-Liante0 Morphological parameters of abundant and threatened chondrichthyans of the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 31(1):114-119. (Ref. 100834) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en, [accessed 13/04/2015]. (Ref. 101110) Ulman, A., A Saad, K Zylich, D. Pauly and D. Zeller0 Reconstruction of Syria’s fisheries catches from 1950-2010: Signs of overexploitation. Acta Ichthyol. Piscat. 45(3):259-272. (Ref. 102582) Pihu, E.0 Loomade elu 4. köide. Kalad. Pihu, E. 1979. Loomade Elu, 4. Köide, Kalad. Valgus, Tallinn. (Ref. 105472) Wilhelms, I.0 Atlas of length-weight relationships of 93 fish and crustacean species from the North Sea and the North-East Atlantic (No. 12). Johann Heinrich von Thünen Institute, Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, 552 p. (Ref. 106276) Barria, C., M. Coll and J. Navarro0 Unravelling the ecological role and trophic relationships of uncommon and threatened elasmobranchs in the western Mediterranean Sea (Supplement). Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 539:225-240. (Ref. 106518) Barrientos-Medina, R.C., S. Avilés-Torres and J.A. Navarro-Alberto0 Length-weight relations of eight fish species from a small Caribbean coastal lagoon, Mexico. Acta Ichthyol. Piscat. 43(1):71-74. (Ref. 107742) Cheung, W.L., R. Watson and D. Pauly0 Signature of ocean warming in global fisheries catch. Nature 497:365-368. (Ref. 107945) McCully, S.R., F. Scott and J.R. Ellis0 Lengths at maturity and conversion factors for skates (Rajidae) around the British Isles, with an analysis of data in the literature. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 69(10):1812-1822. (Ref. 108942) Despoti, S., A.C. Tsikliras and K.I. Stergiou0 Fecundity of marine fishes: technical aspects of fecundity studies and relationships of fecundity with body size, gonad weight and age. in press (Ref. 108991) IUCN0 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016.1. IUCN 2016. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on 15 July 2016. (Ref. 109396) Papaconstantinou, C.0 Fauna Graeciae. An updated checklist of the fishes in the Hellenic seas. Monagraphs on Marine Sciences 7 (Ref. 113897) Last, P.R., W.T. White, M.R. de Carvalho, B. Séret, M.F.W. Stehmann and G.J.P. Naylor0 Rays of the world. CSIRO Publishing, Comstock Publishing Associates. i-ix + 1-790. (Ref. 114953) ICES0 Report of the Working Group on Elasmobranch Fishes (WGEF), 15-24 June 2016, Lisbon, Portugal. ICES CM/ACOM:20. 26 pp. (Ref. 115039) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en (accessed 08/06/2017). (Ref. 115257) Keskin, C.0 A preliminary study on demersal fishes in the southwestern Black Sea shelf (NW Turkey). J. Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment 18(3):341-349. (Ref. 115544) Crec'hriou, R., R. Neveu and P. Lenfant0 Length-weight relationship of main commercial fishes from the French Catalan coast. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 29:1191-1192. (Ref. 115876) Béarez, P., P. Pruvost, É. Feunteun, S. Iglésias, P. Francour, R. Causse, J. De Mazières, S. Tercerie and N. Bailly0 Checklist of the marine fishes from metropolitan France. Cybium 41(4):351-371. (Ref. 116450) Lynghammar, A., J.S. Christiansen, C.W. Mecklenburg, O.V. Karamushko, P.R. Møller and V.F. Gallucci0 Species richness and distribution of chondrichthyan fishes in the Arctic Ocean and adjacent seas. Biodiversity 14(1):57-66. (Ref. 117987) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from htttps://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en [accessed May, 2018] (Ref. 118272) Froese, R.0 Personal communication. (Table sent by the author). (Ref. 118592) Tsuboi, M., W. van der Bijl, B.T. Kopperud, J. Erritzoe, K.L. Voje, A. Kotrschal, K.E. Yopak, S.P. Collin, A.N. Iwaniuk and N. Kolm0 Breakdown of brain-body allometry and the encephalization of birds and mammals. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 2:1495-1500. (Ref. 118717) Kasapoglu, N. and E. Duzgunes0 Length-weight relationships of marine species caught by five gears from the Black Sea. Mediterranean Marine Science 15(1):95-100. (Ref. 119290) Mahé, K., E. Bellamy, J.-P. Delpech, C. Lazard, M. Salaun, Y. Vérin, F. Coppin and M. Travers-Trolet0 Evidence of a relationship between weight and total length of marine fish in the North-eastern Atlantic Ocean: physiological, spatial and temporal variations. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 98(3):627-625. (Ref. 119547) Demirhan, S.A., K. Seyhan and N. Basusta0 Dietary Overlap in Spiny Dogfish (<i>Squalus acanthias</i>) and Thornback Ray (<i>Raja clavata</i>) in the Southeastern Black Sea. Ekoloji 16(2007):1-8. (Ref. 121381) İşmen, A., C.Ç. Yiğın, M.A. İhsanoğlu and B. Daban0 Length-weight relationships for three elasmobranch species from the Sea of Marmara. J. Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment 24(1):65-73. (Ref. 121645) Lteif, M., R. Mouawad, S. Jemaa, G. Khalaf, P. Lenfant and M. Verdoit-Jarraya0 The length-weight relationships of three sharks and five batoids in the Lebanese marine waters, eastern Mediterranean. Egypt. J. Aquat. Res. 42:475-477. (Ref. 123702) Geraci, M.L., S. Ragonese, D. Scannella, F. Falsone, V. Gancitano, J. Mifsud, M. Gambin, A. Said and S. Vitale0 Batoid abundances, spatial distribution, and life history traits in the Strait of Sicily (Central Mediterranean Sea): Bridging a knowledge gap through three decades of survey. Animals 11(2189). (Ref. 125195) Cabbar, K. and C.Ç. Yigin0 Length-weight relationships of elasmobranch species from Gökçeada Island in the Northern Aegean Sea. Thalassas: An International Journal of Marine Sciences 37(2):497-504. (Ref. 128278) Marčeta, B. and K. Pliberšek (eds)0 BiosWeb. Biological database of the Fisheries Research Institute of Slovenia. Ljubljana, Fisheries Research Institute of Slovenia, 2014. (www.biosweb.org. updated 13/04/2023). (Ref. 128520) dos Santos Cabral, S.0 <i>Raja</i> spp. Spatial dynamics in the Arrábida Marine Park. Algrave University: Faculty of Science and Technology. Master of Science in Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, 60 p. (Ref. 129849) IUCN0 The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1964 - onwards. https://www.iucnredlist.org/ (Ref. 130435) Ferragut-Perello, F., S. Ramirez-Amaro, A.C. Tsikliras, N. Petit-Marty, D. Dimarchopoulou0 Exploitation and conservation status of the thornback ray (<i>Raja clavata</i>) in the Balearic Islands (Western Mediterranean). Fishes 8(2):117. (Ref. 132125) Zubillaga, C.P.0 High mislabeling and low levels of genetic diversity in skates from the Cantabrian Sea: a challenge for sustainable management in Rajidae. Spain: Oviedo, Universidad de Oviedo, MSc Thesis, 36 p. (Ref. 138364) FB-pic-2059-10237 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif FAO 1993-07-01 1999-08-11 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2059 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Racla_u0.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Racla_u0.gif FB-pic-2059-27147 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Thorke A.S. Østergaard 2000-06-29 2004-08-01 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2059 50 cm wingspan; 3.2 kg; blackcolored snout Locality: Dingle, Kerry, Ireland. http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Racla_m0.jpg http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/jpg/tn_Racla_m0.jpg Locality: Dingle, Kerry, Ireland. FB-GeneralDescr-2059 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1991-01-18 00:00:00 2017-09-09 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2059 Inhabits shelf and upper slope waters. Reported depth ranges varies, from 10-300 m (Ref. 4426, 82319, 88187), and from 300-577 m in the eastern Ionian Sea (Ref. 56504); most common in coastal waters between 10-60 m depth (Ref. 58137). Tolerates low salinities (Ref. 88171). Found on mud, sand and gravel bottoms, rarely on rougher bottoms (Ref. 6808, 58137). Nocturnal species. Feeds on all kinds of bottom animals, preferably crustaceans (Ref. 3167) and fishes (Ref. 114953). Undertakes migrations with mean distances of 54-117 km per month; shows a clear annual migration cycle (Ref. 89017, 89018), moves from deeper offshore waters (10-30 m) in autumn and winter to shallower areas ( McEachran, J.D. and K.A. Dunn 1998 Phylogenetic analysis of skates, a morphologically conservative clade of elasmobranchs (Chondrichthyes: Rajidae). Copeia 1998(2):271-290. (Ref. 27314) FB-DiagnosticDescr-2059 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Gert Boden 2001-07-12 00:00:00 2017-11-15 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2059 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Sub-rhomboid in shape with pointed wing-tips; disc-width 1,25 to 1,36 times in its length, its length 1,70 to 1,83 times in total length. Short rostrum, rounded at his extremity; pectoral fins with clear angles on lateral side; triangular pelvic fins (Ref. 39246). Dorsally prickly; large females also prickly throughout their ventral surface; juveniles and large males prickly along the margins of their discs and the underside of their snout. 30-50 thorns form a median row from the nape to the first dorsal fin; additional large 'buckler' thorns with swollen bases scattered on upper surface of disc in adults (Ref. 3167). Coloration is highly variable, with the dorsal surface having all shades of brown with dark and light spots and blotches; ventral surface white (Ref. 3167, 58137). Capapé, C. and M. Desoutter 1981 Nouvelle description de <i>Raja (Raja) clavata</i> Linnaeus, 1758 et note sur la validité de <i>Raja (Raja) capensis</i> Müller et Henle, 1841. Cybium 5(4):23-39. (Ref. 39246) FB-Morphology-2059 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Gert Boden 2001-07-12 00:00:00 2017-11-15 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2059 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Dorsal spines (total): 0; Analspines: 0; Analsoft rays: 0 Capapé, C. and M. Desoutter 1981 Nouvelle description de <i>Raja (Raja) clavata</i> Linnaeus, 1758 et note sur la validité de <i>Raja (Raja) capensis</i> Müller et Henle, 1841. Cybium 5(4):23-39. (Ref. 39246) FB-Distribution-2059 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1991-01-18 00:00:00 2025-11-05 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2059 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Eastern Atlantic and Southwest Indian Ocean: Iceland to Madagascar, including the Mediterranean Sea. Last, P.R., W.T. White, M.R. de Carvalho, B. Séret, M.F.W. Stehmann and G.J.P. Naylor 2016 Rays of the world. CSIRO Publishing, Comstock Publishing Associates. i-ix + 1-790. (Ref. 114953) FB-Uses-2059 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1991-01-18 00:00:00 2017-09-09 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2059 fisheries: commercial; gamefish: yes FAO 1992 FAO yearbook. Fishery statistics: catches and landings. Vol. 70: 1990. FAO Fish. Ser. 38:647 p. (Ref. 4931) International Game Fish Association 1991 World record game fishes. International Game Fish Association, Florida, USA. (Ref. 4699) Flower, S.S. 1935 Further notes on the duration of life in animals. I. Fishes: as determined by otolith and scale-readings and direct observations on living individuals. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 2:265-304. (Ref. 274) FB-LifeCycle-2059 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Cristina V. Garilao 1991-01-18 00:00:00 2017-09-09 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=2059&StockCode=2254 Oviparous. Distinct pairing with embrace. Polyandrous species (Ref. 89024). Paired eggs are laid and deposited on shallow sand, mud, pebble or gravel bottoms (Ref. 205, 89025). Up to 170 egg cases can be laid by a single female in a year (Ref. 3167), but average fecundity is much lower (around 48-74 eggs) (Ref. 3603, 31302). In northwestern Europe, egg cases are laid during spring (Ref. 3167) and in the Mediterranean during winter and spring (Ref. 3167). Egg cases are oblong capsules with stiff pointed horns at the corners, each containing one embryo (Ref. 205). Capsules are 5.0-9.0 cm long without the horns (Ref. 41250, 88187) and 3.4-6.8 cm wide (Ref. 41250). Egg cases are anchored with an adhesive film (Ref. 82399). Embryos feed solely on yolk (Ref. 50449). Egg cases hatch after about 4-5 months and pups are about 11-13 cm TL (Ref. 88864). Mating season from February to September, peaking in June (Ref. 74501). Adults observed to form same-sex aggregations during the mating season with females moving to shallower inshore waters approximately a month before the males (Ref 3603, 58137, 74501). Mating does not occur in the Baltic Sea (Ref. 82311). Breder, C.M. and D.E. Rosen 1966 Modes of reproduction in fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey. 941 p. (Ref. 205) FB-TrophicStrategy-2059 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Pascualita Sa-a 1992-12-14 00:00:00 2012-01-12 20:46:55 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public clavata http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Nocturnal predator. Feeds on all kinds of bottom animals (Ref. 3167). Polychaetes and crustaceans are important prey items of smaller individuals, bony fishes become more important prey items of larger individuals (Ref. 28070). Ajayi, T.O. 1982 Food and feeding habits of <i>Raja</i> species (Batoidei) in Carmarthen Bay, Bristol Channel. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 62:215-223. (Ref. 4921) FB-Size-2059 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1991-01-18 00:00:00 2017-09-09 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2059 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat 105 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 53748)); 139 cm TL (female); max. published weight: 18.0 kg (Ref. 35388); max. reported age: 15 years (Ref. 41305) Sulikowski, J.A., J. Kneebone, S. Elzey, J. Jurek, P.D. Danley, W. Huntting Howell and P.C.W. Tsang 2005 Age and growth estimates of the thorny skate (<i>Amblyraja radiata</i>) in the western Gulf of Maine. Fish. Bull. 103:161-168. (Ref. 53748) Muus, B.J. and J.G. Nielsen 1999 Sea fish. Scandinavian Fishing Year Book, Hedehusene, Denmark. 340 p. (Ref. 35388) Walker, P.A. 1998 Fleeting images. Dynamics of North Sea ray populations. University of Amsterdam. 145 p. Ph.D. dissertation. (Ref. 41305) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Habitat-2059 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1991-01-18 00:00:00 2017-09-09 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2059 demersal; marine; depth range 5 - 1020 m (Ref. 114953) Last, P.R., W.T. White, M.R. de Carvalho, B. Séret, M.F.W. Stehmann and G.J.P. Naylor 2016 Rays of the world. CSIRO Publishing, Comstock Publishing Associates. i-ix + 1-790. (Ref. 114953)