FB-1401 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1401 Animalia Chordata Teleostei Eupercaria/misc Lutjanidae Lutjanus Lutjanus agennes Bleeker, 1863 Driekolkurper Driekol-tilapia Njinji Kafue bream Three spotted tilapia Threespot bream Threespot tilapia Three-spotted tilapia Kolmitäplätilapia Njinji 安氏非鯽 安氏非鲫 黃邊口孵非鯽 黄边口孵非鲫 Chromys andersoni Castelnau, 1861 Chromys andersonii Castelnau, 1861 Oreochromis anderson (Castelnau, 1861) Oreochromis andersoni (Castelnau, 1861) Oreochromis andersonni (Castelnau, 1861) Oreochromis anulerson (Castelnau, 1861) Sarotherodon andersoni (Castelnau, 1861) Sarotherodon andersonii (Castelnau, 1861) Tilapia andersoni (Castelnau, 1861) Tilapia andersonii (Castelnau, 1861) Tilapia kafuensis Boulenger, 1912 Tilapia natalensis (non Weber, 1897) 1990-10-17 2024-01-22 Trewavas, E.0 Tilapiine fishes of the genera <i>Sarotherodon</i>, <i>Oreochromis</i> and <i>Danakilia</i>. British Mus. Nat. Hist., London, UK. 583 p. 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In B. Fuller and I. Prommer (eds) Interim Report IR-00-031. Population-development-environment in Namibia. Background readings. IIASA, Laxenburg (Austria). 315 p. (Ref. 54974) Thys van den Audenaerde, D.F.E.0 Révision systématique des espèces congolaises du genre <i>Tilapia</i> (Pisces, Cichlidae). Ann. Mus. R. Afr. Centr., Sér. In-8°, Sci. Zool., 124:155p. (Ref. 55074) Ma, X., X. Bangxi, W. Yindong and W. Mingxue0 Intentionally introduced and transferred fishes in China's inland waters. Asian Fish. Sci. 16(3&4):279-290. (Ref. 55380) Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences0 Chinese aquatic germplasm resources database. http://zzzy.fishinfo.cn (Ref. 58108) Thys van den Audenaerde, D.F.E.0 La distribution géographique des <i>Tilapia</i> au Congo. Bull. Séances Acad. R. Sci. Outre-Mer 9(3):570-605. (Ref. 74387) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis, 29 April 2008. (Ref. 75549) Næsje, T.F., C.J. Hay, N. Nickanor, J.H., Strand, R. Koekemoer and E.B. Thorstad0 Fish populations, gill net catches and gill net selectivity in the Kwando River, Namibia. NINA Project Report 27. 64 p. (Ref. 81703) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en, March 2010. (Ref. 83882) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en, March 2012. (Ref. 90062) Van Steenberge, M., E. Vreven and J. Snoeks0 The fishes of the Upper Luapula area (Congo basin): a fauna of mixed origin. Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwat. 24(4):329-345. (Ref. 95585) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en, April 2014. (Ref. 95632) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en, [accessed 13/04/2015]. (Ref. 101110) Okeyo, D.O. and W.O. Ojwang (Comp.)0 A photographic guide to freshwater fishes of Kenya. SeriouslyFish.com (LINK). Electronic version accessed [29/05/2017] (Ref. 115164) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en (accessed 08/06/2017). (Ref. 115257) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from htttps://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en [accessed May, 2018] (Ref. 118272) Skelton, P.H.0 Chapter 11. The freshwater fishes of Angola. p. 207-242. In B.J. Huntley, V. Russo, F. Lages and N. Ferrand (eds.) Biodiversity of Angola. Science & conservation: a modern synthesis. Springer Nature Switzerland AG, Cham, Switzerland. 549 p. (Ref. 120641) Beolens, B., M. Grayson and M. Watkins0 Eponym dictionary of Fishes. Dunbeath, Caithness (Scotland, UK): Whittles Publishing Limited, 1300 p. (Ref. 128868) Price, S.A., S.T. Friedman, K.A. Corn, O. Larouche, K. Brockelsby, A.J. Lee, M. Nagaraj, N.G. Bertrand, M. Danao, M.C. Coyne, J.R. Estrada, R. Friedman, E. Hoeft, M. Iwan, D. Gross, J.H. Kao, B. Landry, M.J. Linares, C. McGlinn and …0 FishShapes v1: Functionally relevant measurements of teleost shape and size on three dimensions. Ecology 103(e3829):1-2. (Ref. 137577) FB-pic-1399-10488 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif Robbie N. Cada 1993-07-01 2010-07-09 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Image can be freely copied and altered, as long as original author and source are properly acknowledged. WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1399 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Orand_u0.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Orand_u0.gif FB-GeneralDescr-1399 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2024-01-22 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1399 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Occurs in both river and swamp habitats and is adapted to fairly fast-flowing rivers (Ref. 6465). Hardy, tolerating fresh and brackish water (up to 20ppt, Ref. 3), preferring slow-flowing or standing water; adults occupy deep open waters, juveniles remain inshore among vegetation (Ref. 7248, 52193). Prefers fairly deep, quiet water with some weed cover; hippo pools are a favoured retreat (Ref. 12524, 13337). Forms schools (Ref. 2, 12524, 13337). Mainly diurnal; a detritivore which feeds on fine particulate matter (Ref. 2), including algae (Ref. 246, 12524, 13337, 53992), diatoms, detritus (Ref. 7248, 52193, 53992) and zooplankton (Ref. 7248, 52193). Larger individuals also take insects and other invertebrates (Ref. 53992). Feeding regime is variable, the diet changes according to food availability (Ref. 6465). Female mouthbrooder (Ref. 87, 246, 6465, 12524, 13337). Fine angling and table species (Ref. 6465, 12524, 13337). Trewavas, E. 1983 Tilapiine fishes of the genera <i>Sarotherodon</i>, <i>Oreochromis</i> and <i>Danakilia</i>. British Mus. Nat. Hist., London, UK. 583 p. (Ref. 2) FB-DiagnosticDescr-1399 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2017-12-13 18:43:25 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1399 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Diagnosis: male genital papilla bluntly conical with a narrow flange slightly notched in the middle; jaws enlarged in breeding males, which in this species are normally not less than 30cm TL; scales in lateral line series 31-35, usually 32-33; scales of cheek in 3 full rows; vertebrae 30-32; total number of dorsal rays 28-31. Pectoral fin in adults 34-43% SL (Ref. 2), very long (Ref. 1904). Depth of body 40.5-50.5% SL; color-pattern of non-breeding fish and female always including 3 or 4 conspicuous mid-lateral blotches and a red margin on dorsal and caudal fins; breeding male with red margins broader and brighter and general dark, iridescent purplish-brown color of head, back and flanks, masking the blotches; no series of vertical spots or vertical stripes on caudal fin; nest a simple circular depression (Ref. 2).Description: deep bodied (Ref. 12524, 13337, 52307, 54048) with a straight profile (Ref. 1887, 2989, 6465, 12524, 13337, 52307, 54048). Snout rounded (Ref. 1887, 2989). Small mouth (Ref. 12524, 13337, 13400), extending to between nostril and eye (Ref. 2989). Lower pharyngeal bone slender (Ref. 54096). Teeth slender, not densely crowded (Ref. 2, 54096), the posterior with a marked second cusp or shoulder; inferior vertebral apophysis only on third vertebra; microbranchiospines present on the outer sides of arches 2 to 4; 5-8 scales between bases of pectoral and pelvic fins; caudal fin only scaled at the base (Ref. 2). Caudal fin with 15 rays (Ref. 1904). Adult large males have the posterior rays of the dorsal fin prolonged (Ref. 12524, 13337). Pectoral fin reaching vertical of origin of anal; pelvic fin reaching between vent and anal; caudal fin rounded; scales cycloid (Ref. 1887, 2989).Coloration: body silvery-grey with upper parts of head and body darker than ventral parts (Ref. 2, 52307). Dorsal fin light green to brown Ref. 12524, 13337). Pectoral (Ref. 1904, 12524, 13337) and pelvic fins light grey (Ref. 1904) to green; anal fin grey to green at its base (Ref. 12524, 13337). Margins of dorsal and anal fin bright red (Ref. 2, 6465, 7248, 12524, 13337, 52193, 52307). Soft portions of dorsal and anal fins with pale tips and dots (Ref. 2, 1887, 1904, 2989, 6465, 7248, 52193) that are also sometimes visible in the caudal fin (Ref. 2, 52307). 3 prominent black spots present on flanks (Ref. 2, 1887, 2989, 6465, 12524, 13337, 54048) and a black patch on the posterior portion of the gill cover (Ref. 2, 1887, 2989, 12524, 13337, 54048). The 3 body spots are usually visible from an early age (Ref. 12524, 13337), and are more pronounced in small specimens (Ref. 6465). In breeding males body and fin colours become brighter, with the red seams on the fins becoming more intense (Ref. 2, 7248, 12524, 13337, 52193, 52307) and the snout and cheeks assume a deep maroon coloration (Ref. 12524, 13337, 54048). The caudal fin may appear totally red (Ref. 52307). Juveniles silvery with 6-9 irregular thin bars on body (Ref. 6465, 7248, 12524, 13337, 52193) and 3-4 midlateral spots (Ref. 13337). Young with Tilapia-mark, which disappears or becomes part of the barred pattern of the fin at ca 7cm SL; up to ca 10cm SL vertical bars on the body may predominate and the mid-lateral spots may be faint or absent; 6-10 faint vertical bars appear in dead fish (Ref. 2). Trewavas, E. 1983 Tilapiine fishes of the genera <i>Sarotherodon</i>, <i>Oreochromis</i> and <i>Danakilia</i>. British Mus. Nat. Hist., London, UK. 583 p. (Ref. 2) FB-Morphology-1399 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2017-12-13 18:43:25 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1399 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#DiagnosticDescription Dorsal spines (total): 15 - 18; Dorsal soft rays (total): 11 - 15; Analspines: 3; Analsoft rays: 9 - 13; Vertebrae: 30 - 32 Trewavas, E. 1983 Tilapiine fishes of the genera <i>Sarotherodon</i>, <i>Oreochromis</i> and <i>Danakilia</i>. British Mus. Nat. Hist., London, UK. 583 p. (Ref. 2) FB-Distribution-1399 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2025-09-16 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1399 Africa: Ngami basin, Okavango River; Cunene River and Mossamedes, Angola; upper Zambezi, Kafue River; middle Zambezi, Lake Kariba and Cabora Bassa since construction of dams. Several countries report adverse ecological impact after introduction (2265). Also reported from the Kasai system in Angola (Ref. 120641). Reported as introduced in Kasanka National Park (upper Congo River basin) in Zambia (Ref. 95585). Jackson, P.B.N. 1988 Aquaculture in Africa. p. 459-480. In C. Lévêque, M.N. Bruton and G.W. Ssentongo (eds.) Biologie et écologie des poissons d'eaux douces africains. Travaux et Documents N° 216. O.R.S.T.O.M., Paris. (Ref. 2265) FB-Uses-1399 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2024-01-22 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1399 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution fisheries: commercial; aquaculture: commercial; gamefish: yes Balon, E.K. 1974 Fishes of Lake Kariba, Africa. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey. (Ref. 3126) Garibaldi, L. 1996 List of animal species used in aquaculture. FAO Fish. Circ. 914. 38 p. (Ref. 12108) Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea and W.B. Scott 1991 World fishes important to North Americans. Exclusive of species from the continental waters of the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. (21):243 p. (Ref. 4537) FB-LifeCycle-1399 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2024-01-22 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=1399&StockCode=1425 Spawning did not occur in ponds at a temperature below 21°C (Ref. 2). Rarely more than one brood in a season (Ref. 87, 246), but known to breed at least twice a year under pond conditions (Ref. 12524, 13337). Males excavate saucer-shaped nests (Ref. 246, 314, 6465, 12524, 13337, 54048) that can be up to 75cm in diameter and 30cm deep, using mouth and fins (Ref. 2, 314, 52307), in the center of their territory (Ref. 52307), on a sandy substrate (any vegetation is uprooted with its mouth) and in water from 1-3m deep, where they display to attract females (Ref. 12524, 13337, 54048). Up to 40 nests can be found together (Ref. 6465). Females are the primary care-givers (Ref. 52307), moutbrooding eggs, larvae and fry; multiple broods are raised during the warmer months (Ref. 7248, 52193). She lays her eggs in the concavity on top of the nest, the male fertilizes the eggs whereupon the female takes the eggs into her mouth where they are incubated; males guard the nest and females against all intruders; parental care is exercised for the first few weeks after the eggs hatch (Ref. 12524, 13337). Trewavas, E. 1983 Tilapiine fishes of the genera <i>Sarotherodon</i>, <i>Oreochromis</i> and <i>Danakilia</i>. British Mus. Nat. Hist., London, UK. 583 p. (Ref. 2) FB-TrophicStrategy-1399 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Drina Sta. Iglesia 2000-10-23 00:00:00 2025-09-16 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public andersonii http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Occurs in both river and swamp habitats (Refs. 2, 6465). Hardy, tolerating fresh and brackish water (up to 20 ppt, Ref. 3), preferring slow-flowing or standing water (Refs. 7248, 12524, 13337, 52193) with some weed cover (Refs. 12524, 13337). Adults occupy deep open waters (Refs. 7248, 12524, 13337, 52193), juveniles remain inshore among vegetation (Refs. 7248, 52193). Hippo pools are a favoured retreat (Refs. 12524, 13337). Forms schools (Refs. 2, 12524, 13337). Mainly diurnal; a detritivore which feeds on fine particulate matter (Ref. 2), including algae (Refs. 246, 12524, 13337, 53992), diatoms, detritus (Ref. 7248, 52193, 53992) and zooplankton (Refs. 7248, 52193). Larger individuals also take insects and other invertebrates (Ref. 53992). Feeding regime is variable, the diet changes according to food availability (Ref. 6465). Trewavas, E. 1983 Tilapiine fishes of the genera <i>Sarotherodon</i>, <i>Oreochromis</i> and <i>Danakilia</i>. British Mus. Nat. Hist., London, UK. 583 p. (Ref. 2) FB-Size-1399 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2024-01-22 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1399 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats 61.0 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 40637)); max. published weight: 4,710 g (Ref. 40637); max. reported age: 13 years (Ref. 13400) IGFA 2001 Database of IGFA angling records until 2001. IGFA, Fort Lauderdale, USA. (Ref. 40637) IGFA 2001 Database of IGFA angling records until 2001. IGFA, Fort Lauderdale, USA. (Ref. 40637) Booth, A.J., G.S. Merron and C.D. Buxton 1995 The growth of <i>Oreochromis andersonii</i> (Pisces: Cichlidae) from the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and a comparison of the scale and otolith method of ageing. Environ. Biol. Fishes 43(2):171-178. (Ref. 13400) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Diseases-1399-1149 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2005-08-30 00:00:00 2005-08-30 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=1399&StockCode=1425 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Fish tuberculosis (FishMB). Bacterial diseases Roberts, R.J. and C. Sommerville 1982 Diseases of tilapias. p. 247-263. In R.S.V. Pullin and R.H. Lowe-McConnell (eds.) The biology and culture of tilapias. ICLARM Conf. Proc. 7. (Ref. 82) FB-Diseases-1399-1336 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2005-05-20 00:00:00 2005-05-20 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=1399&StockCode=1425 Fish Tuberculosis 2. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Paperna, I. 1996 Parasites, infections and diseases of fishes in Africa. An update. CIFA Tech. Pap. No. 31. 220 p. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 45600) FB-Habitat-1399 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2024-01-22 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1399 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size benthopelagic; freshwater; brackish; depth range 0 - 10 m (Ref. 54002), usually 3 - 6 m (Ref. 54002) Thorstad, E.B., C.J. Hay, T.F. Næsje, B. Chanda and F. Økland 2003 Movements and habitat utilisation of threespot tilapia in the Upper Zambezi River. Implications for fisheries management. NINA Proj. Rep. 23:1-22. (Ref. 54002) Thorstad, E.B., C.J. Hay, T.F. Næsje, B. Chanda and F. Økland 2003 Movements and habitat utilisation of threespot tilapia in the Upper Zambezi River. Implications for fisheries management. NINA Proj. Rep. 23:1-22. (Ref. 54002)