FB-1397 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1397 Animalia Chordata Teleostei Cichliformes Cichlidae Coptodon Coptodon rendalli (Boulenger, 1897) Groenkop-tilapia Imu Nkamba Pale Cichlid Congo bream Greenhead bream Greenhead tilapia Green-head tilapia Green-headed bream Longfin tilapia Mango fish Akpakpodzie Ekouni Tummatilapia Carpe Didee Mu Igihwati Ingege y'inyafurunzo Keji Khundu Mahumbwe Tshimbua 大臂口孵非鯽 大臂口孵非鲫 大鰭帚齒非鯽 大鳍帚齿非鲫 Chromis chapmanii Castelnau, 1861 Chromys chapmani Castelnau, 1861 Chromys chapmanii Castelnau, 1861 Chromys chapmannii Castelnau, 1861 Chromys sparmanni Castelnau, 1861 Loruwiala macrochir (Boulenger, 1912) Oreochromis macrochir macrochir (Boulenger, 1912) Oreochromis microchir (Boulenger, 1912) Sarotherodon macrochir (Boulenger, 1912) Sarotherodon macrochirus (Boulenger, 1912) Tilapia alleni Fowler, 1931 Tilapia andersonii (non Castelnau, 1861) Tilapia galilaea (non Linnaeus, 1758) Tilapia intermedia Gilchrist & Thompson, 1917 Tilapia kafuensis (non Boulenger, 1912) Tilapia macrocheir Boulenger, 1912 Tilapia macrochir Boulenger, 1912 Tilapia natalensis (non Weber, 1897) Tilapia nilotica (non Linnaeus, 1758) Tilapia sheshekensis Gilchrist & Thompson, 1917 Tilapia squamipinnis (non Günther, 1864) 1990-10-17 2018-10-08 Trewavas, E.0 Tilapiine fishes of the genera <i>Sarotherodon</i>, <i>Oreochromis</i> and <i>Danakilia</i>. 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De Vos and D.O. Okeyo0 Annotated checklist of the freshwater fishes of Kenya (excluding the lacustrine haplochromines from Lake Victoria). J. E. Afr. Nat. Hist. 92:11-47. (Ref. 52331) Winemiller, K.O. and L.C. Kelso-Winemiller0 Food habits of tilapiine cichlids of the Upper Zambezi River and floodplain during the descending phase of the hydrologic cycle. J. Fish Biol. 63(1):120-128. (Ref. 52737) Mosepele, K. and S. Nengu0 Growth, mortality, maturity and length-weight parameters of selected fishes of the Okavango Delta, Botswana. p. 67-74. In M.L.D. Palomares, B. Samb, T. Diouf, J.M. Vakily and D. Pauly (eds.) Fish biodiversity: local studies as basis for global inferences. ACP-EU Fish. Res. Rep. 14:281 p. (Ref. 52846) Okeyo, D.O.0 On the biodiversity and the distribution of freshwater fish of Namibia: an annotated update. p.156-194. In M.L.D. Palomares, B. Samb, T. Diouf, J.M. Vakily and D. Pauly (eds.) Fish biodiversity: local studies as basis for global inferences. ACP-EU Fish. Res. Rep. 14:281 p. (Ref. 52863) Mve, R.O. and J.D. Mbega0 Noms communs d'espèces importantes de poisson en langue Fang, Gabon. p. 243-245. In M.L.D. Palomares, B. Samb, T. Diouf, J.M. Vakily and D. Pauly (eds.) Fish biodiversity: local studies as basis for global inferences. ACP-EU Fish. Res. Rep. 14:281 p. (Ref. 52869) Mwape, L.M.0 Bemba local names of lake fishes in northern Zambia. p. 246-249. In M.L.D. Palomares, B. Samb, T. Diouf, J.M. Vakily and D. Pauly (eds.) Fish biodiversity: local studies as basis for global inferences. ACP-EU Fish. Res. Rep. 14:281 p. (Ref. 52870) Jubb, R.A.0 A note on a collection of freshwater fishes being prepared for the Queen Victoria Museum. Occ. pap. Nat. Mus. Sth. Rhod. 19:690-698. (Ref. 52951) Bell-Cross, G.0 The distribution of fishes in central Africa. Fish. Res. Bull. Zambia 4:3-20. (Ref. 52958) Bell-Cross, G.0 Additions and amendments to the check list of the fishes of Zambia. Puku Occ. Pap. Dept. Game Fish. Zambia 3:29-43. (Ref. 52959) Jackson, P.B.N.0 The impact of predation, especially by the tiger-fish (<i>Hydrocyon vittatus</i> Cast.) on African freshwater fishes. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 136(4):603-622. (Ref. 52960) Soulsby, J.J.0 Some Congo basin fishes of Northern Rhodesia. Part I. North. Rhod. J. 4(3):231-246. (Ref. 52961) Barnard, K.H.0 Revision of South African Cichlidae. Synonymy and notes on the species. Re. Inld. Fish. Dep. Un. S. Afr. 5:48-62. (Ref. 52962) Mosepele, K.0 Preliminary length-based stock assessment of the main exploited stocks of the Okavango Delta fishery. M.Phil. Thesis, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. 139 p. (Ref. 53212) Pellegrin, J.0 Contribution à l'étude anatomique, biologique et taxinomique des poissons de la famille des cichlidés. Mém. Soc. Zool. Fr. 16:41-399. (Ref. 53262) Kanondo, V.M.0 Fishery statistical systems in Zambia with particular reference to Lake Mweru-Luapula. p. 26-36. In Maes, M. (ed.), Report on the technical consultation on Lake Mweru shared by Zaire and Zambia (Lusaka, 08-10 August 1990). UNDP/FAO Regional Project for Inland Fisheries Planning (IFIP), RAF/87/099-TD/11/90. 46 p. (Ref. 53484) Mandima, J.0 Aquaculture Development and Research in Zimbabwe. CIFA Tech. Pap. 23 (suppl.):375-396. (Ref. 54039) Mafwenga, G.A.L.0 Aquaculture development and research in Tanzania. CIFA Tech. Pap. 23 (suppl.):313-349. (Ref. 54040) Kleynhans, C.J. and A. Hoffman0 First record of <i>Oreochromis macrochir</i> (Boulenger, 1912) (Pisces: Cichlidae) from the Limpopo River in southern Africa. S. Afr. J. aquat. Sci. 18(1-2):104-107. (Ref. 54042) McAndrew, B.J. and K.C. Majumdar0 Evolutionary relationships within three tilapiine genera (Pisces: Cichlidae). Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 80:421-435. (Ref. 54046) Kenmuir, D.H.S.0 Fishes of Kariba. Longman Zimbabwe Ltd, Harare, Zimbabwe. 135p. (Ref. 54048) Trewavas, E.0 A preliminary review of fishes of the genus <i>Tilapia</i> in the eastward-flowing rivers of Africa, with proposals of two new specific names. Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr. 74(3-4):394-424. (Ref. 54096) Kelley, D.W.0 Fishery development in the central Barotse flood plain. FAO No. TA 2554. (Ref. 54097) Carey, T.G.0 Feeding Habits of some Fishes in the Kafue River. Fish. Res. Bull. Zambia 4:105-109. (Ref. 54098) Williams, N.V.0 Review of the Kafue River Fishery. Rhod. Agr. Journ. 57(1):86-92. (Ref. 54125) Gilchrist, J.D.F. and W.W. Thompson0 The Freshwater Fishes of South Africa (continued). Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 11(6):465-579. (Ref. 54167) Thys van den Audenaerde, D.F.E.0 An annotated bibliography of Tilapia (Pisces, Cichlidae). Mus. R. Afr. Cent., Doc. Zool. 14, 406p. (Ref. 54357) Marshall, B.0 The status of wild and cultured tilapia genetic resources in various countries: Zimbabwe. p. 35-37. In R.S.V. Pullin (ed.) Tilapia genetic resources for aquaculture. ICLARM Conference Proceedings 16, 108p. (Ref. 54455) Bailey, R.G.0 Fishes of the genus <i>Tilapia</i> (Cichlidae) in Tanzania, with a key for their identification. East Afr. Agric. For. J. 34(2):194-202. (Ref. 54836) Kapeleta, M.0 Aquaculture development in Malawi: tilapia culture. FAO Fish. Circ. 971:147-176. (Ref. 54856) Okeyo, D.O.0 Inland fisheries development in Namibia: evaluating alternative paths for sustainable development. p. 109-131. In B. Fuller and I. Prommer (eds) Interim Report IR-00-031. Population-development-environment in Namibia. Background readings. IIASA, Laxenburg (Austria). 315 p. (Ref. 54974) Payne, A.I.0 Some characteristics of the fish fauna of a dam in the Lake Victoria region of Tanzania including the effects of multispecies stocking with <i>Tilapia</i> species. Afr. J. Trop. Hydrobiol. Fish. 3(2):111-122. (Ref. 54977) Lowe, R.H.0 New species of <i>Tilapia</i> (Pisces, Cichlidae) from Lake Jipe and the Pangani River, East Africa. Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Zool.) 2(12):347-368. (Ref. 55060) Thys van den Audenaerde, D.F.E.0 Révision systématique des espèces congolaises du genre <i>Tilapia</i> (Pisces, Cichlidae). Ann. Mus. R. Afr. Centr., Sér. In-8°, Sci. Zool., 124:155p. (Ref. 55074) Lowe, R.H.0 Species of <i>Tilapia</i> in East African dams, with a key for their identification. E. Afr. Agricult. J. 20(4):256-262. (Ref. 56136) Fowler, H.W.0 The fishes obtained by the De Schauensee South African Expedition,-1930. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 83:233-249. (Ref. 56191) Booth, A.J. and G.S. Merron0 The age and growth of the greenhead tilapia <i>Oreochromis macrochir</i> (Pisces: Cichlidae) from the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Hydrobiologia 321:29-34. (Ref. 56192) Freyhof, J.0 Unerwartete Cichliden in einem Kratersee Kameruns. D.A.T.Z. 45(3):143-144. (Ref. 56200) Gaemers, P.A.M.0 Recent progress in cichlid taxonomy based on otoliths, and its significance for the phylogeny of tilapiines and haplochromines (Perciformes, Pisces). Ann. Mus. R. Afr. Centr., Sci. Zool., 251:143-150. (Ref. 56279) Penrith, M.0 Report on a small collection of fishes from the Kunene River mouth. Cimbebasia, ser. A, 1(7):165-176. (Ref. 56454) Denyoh, F.M.K.0 Pond fish culture development in Ghana. FAO Fish. Rep. 44(2):7p. (Ref. 56556) Hickling, C.F.0 Fish Culture. Faber and Faber, London. 295p. (Ref. 56558) Johnson, L.0 Investigations on the culture of Tilapia in Mauritius. Part II. The biology of the species. Rev. Agric. Sucr. Maurice, 38(4):158-171. (Ref. 56621) Coward, K. and N.R. Bromage0 Reproductive physiology of female tilapia broodstock. Rev. Fish Biol. Fish. 10:1-12. (Ref. 56698) Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences0 Chinese aquatic germplasm resources database. http://zzzy.fishinfo.cn (Ref. 58108) Mundy, B.C.0 Checklist of the fishes of the Hawaiian Archipelago. Bishop Mus. Bull. Zool. (6):1-704. (Ref. 58302) Sanyanga, R.A., C. Machena and N. Kautsky0 Abundance and distribution of inshore fish in fished and protected areas in Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe. Hydrobiologia 306:67-78. (Ref. 58363) Thys van den Audenaerde, D.F.E.0 La distribution géographique des <i>Tilapia</i> au Congo. Bull. Séances Acad. R. Sci. Outre-Mer 9(3):570-605. (Ref. 74387) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis, 29 April 2008. (Ref. 75549) Næsje, T.F., C.J. Hay, N. Nickanor, J.H., Strand, R. Koekemoer and E.B. Thorstad0 Fish populations, gill net catches and gill net selectivity in the Kwando River, Namibia. NINA Project Report 27. 64 p. (Ref. 81703) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en, March 2010. (Ref. 83882) Kara, H.M.0 Freshwater fish diversity in Algeria with emphasis on alien species. Eur J Wildl Res. 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Fishes in Lake Kivu: Diversity and Fisheries. pp. 127-152. In J.-P. Descy, F. Darchambeau and M. Schmid (eds.). Lake Kivu: Limnology and biogeochemistry of a tropical great lake. Aquatic Ecology Series 5, Springer, 190p. (Ref. 107916) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en (accessed 08/06/2017). (Ref. 115257) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from htttps://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en [accessed May, 2018] (Ref. 118272) Genner, M.J., G.F. Turner and B.P. Ngatunga0 A guide to the tilapia fishes of Tanzania. Martin J. Genner, George F. Turner and Benjamin P. Ngatunga, August 2018. 29 p. (Ref. 118638) Halwart, M. and M.V. Gupta0 Culture of fish in rice fields. FAO and The WorldFish Center, 83 p. (Ref. 119549) Skelton, P.H.0 Chapter 11. The freshwater fishes of Angola. p. 207-242. In B.J. Huntley, V. Russo, F. Lages and N. Ferrand (eds.) Biodiversity of Angola. Science & conservation: a modern synthesis. Springer Nature Switzerland AG, Cham, Switzerland. 549 p. (Ref. 120641) Fricke, R., W.N. Eschmeyer and R. Van der Laan (eds.)0 Eschmeyer's catalog of fishes: Genera, species, references. http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp. Electroninc version. Accessed 9 March 2020 (Ref. 121848) Dean, E.M., A.R. Cooper, L. Wang, W. Daniel, S. David, C. Ernzen, K.B. Gido, E Hale, T.J. Haxton, W. Kelso, N. Leonard, C. Lido, J. Margraf, M. Porter, C. Pennock, D. Propst, J. Ross, M.D. Staudinger, G. Whelan and D.M. Infante0 The North American Freshwater Migratory Fish Database (NAFMFD): Characterizing the migratory life histories of freshwater fishes of Canada, the United States of Mexico. J. Biogeography 49:1193-1203. (Ref. 126106) FB-pic-1396-10491 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif Robbie N. Cada 1993-07-01 2008-06-25 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Image can be freely copied and altered, as long as original author and source are properly acknowledged. WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1396 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Ormacmu0.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Ormacmu0.gif FB-pic-1396-13914 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif FAO 1997-03-21 1999-03-02 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1396 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Ormac_u1.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Ormac_u1.gif FB-GeneralDescr-1396 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2025-12-18 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1396 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Adults prefer quiet, deep water associated with aquatic vegetation, but has been collected in other habitats as well (Ref. 12524, 13337). Found at temperatures between 18 and 35°C (Ref. 54042). Has a very low salinity tolerance (Ref. 2, 58). They occasionally form schools, are mainly diurnal (Ref. 2). They feed mostly on detritus (Ref. 87, 7248, 44661, 52193, 52307, 56192), (blue-green) algae (Ref. 12524, 13337, 44661) and diatoms (Ref. 246, 7248, 12524, 13337, 52193). Juveniles also accept small invertebrates and zooplankton (Ref. 7248, 52193, 52307), but lose this tendency with age (Ref. 52307). Maternal mouthbrooders (Ref. 87, 246, 314, 5214, 7248, 8600, 12524, 13337, 36094, 52193, 54042). Mating territory having a central volcano-shaped mound (Ref. 2, 246, 314, 5214, 12524, 55074) with a flat or slightly concave top, surrounded by a ditch and vallum, in contrast to O. mweruensis (Ref. 2). Flesh excellent (Ref. 5214). Trewavas, E. 1983 Tilapiine fishes of the genera <i>Sarotherodon</i>, <i>Oreochromis</i> and <i>Danakilia</i>. British Mus. Nat. Hist., London, UK. 583 p. (Ref. 2) FB-DiagnosticDescr-1396 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2017-12-13 20:58:17 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1396 Diagnosis: head profile steep (Ref. 2, 7248, 12524, 13337, 33478, 52193, 54167) and rounded (Ref. 315, 12524). Toothed area of lower pharyngeal bone with broadly rounded lobes; scales on cheek in 2-3 rows; caudal scales variable, not on the inter-radial membranes except at the base, and never stiffening the fin (Ref. 2). Adults with black (Ref. 2, 12524) or dark brown flecks in the temporal region, on the gill-cover (Ref. 2, 11970) and below the eye, mostly associated with openings of the lateral line system (Ref. 2). Adults without conspicuous mid-lateral blotches (Ref. 2).Description: body deep (Ref. 52307), fairly compressed (Ref. 56454), with deep caudal peduncle (Ref. 2, 52307). Snout short (Ref. 2, 52307), rounded, sometimes with concave upper profile, a little broader than long, shorter than postocular part of head (Ref. 1887, 54167). Head develops a steep profile (Ref. 2, 1887, 7248, 12524, 13337, 33478, 52193) with increasing size, especially in males (Ref. 33478). Mouth rather small (Ref. 1887, 54167), reaching to just behind level of anterior nostril (Ref. 56454). Outer row teeth in jaw enlarged, slender, most bicuspid, inner teeth minute, tricuspid (Ref. 56454). 2-3 rows of scales on cheek (Ref 1887, 46242, 54167, 56454), width of scaly part not greater than eye diameter (Ref. 1887, 54167). Nape scaled to level of front third of eye; eye round, its diameter almost equals interorbital width in juveniles, a little over half interorbital width in adults; pharyngeal teeth closely packed, slender (Ref. 56454). Otoliths: regular oval outline and moderately developed, rather regular ornamentation; sagittae of juveniles have an S-shaped sulcus with a distinct upward bend near the end of the cauda, often accompanied by a more or less distinct widening of this part of the cauda; sagittae ornamentation consists of more or less regular, rounded knobs (Ref. 56279). Gill-rakers short (Ref. 46242, 54167), lanceolate (Ref. 46242), thick (Ref. 54167). Vertebrae 16+14, including urostyle (Ref. 56454). Scales cycloid (Ref. 1887, 54167, 56454). 18-23 scales in upper part of lateral line (Ref. 1887, 46242, 56454), 11-14 in lower part (Ref. 1887, 11970, 56454). 12 transverse scales; 10-12 predorsal scales (Ref. 46242, 56454). Last dorsal fin spine longest (Ref. 1887, 54167, 56454). Third anal fin spine about equal to last dorsal fin spine (Ref. 56454). Pectoral fins very long (Ref. 2, 7248, 52193), reaching a vertical above some part of the anal fin base (Ref. 2, 56454), a little shorter than head (Ref. 54167). Pelvic fin shorter than pectoral fin, not quite reaching vent; caudal fin covered with small scales becoming sparser distally (Ref. 56454). Caudal peduncle as long as deep or a little deeper than long (Ref. 54167). Genital papilla large and tuberculate or scalloped in mature fishes of both sexes (Ref. 2). Bifid genital papilla without tassels in females, but in males with numerous (Ref. 33478), 2cm or longer (Ref. 2, 33478) semitransparent fringes with a knotted aspect generated by several tuberculate blobs (Ref. 33478).Coloration: females and non-breeding males: body greenish, silvery or buff, with white or sometimes yellowish belly; snout, upper lip and cheeks with (blue-)green sheen; gill-covers and flanks sometimes with purplish tint; gill-cover with slight marblings and dark green or iridescent spot; forehead with a few dark specks in connection with lateral line openings; eyes with reddish tint; fins light grey, commonly with transparent or dusky end to caudal fin; tilapia-mark may be visible even in adults; some, mainly small, specimens may exhibit up to 7-8 transverse rows of spots on the caudal fin; in some, mainly stressful, situations, 7-9(10) dark vertical bars, including incomplete bars, may appear on the flanks, posteriorly from the eyes; even 1-2 horizontal stripes may appear; sexually active females show some of the male colours but to a lesser degree (a narrower red margin to the dorsal fin, without white underlining; caudal fin ends in dusky zone which may have a red hue); when spawning or mouthbrooding, females often darken partially on the lower jaw, fins, eyebar, tilapia-mark or on indistinct blotches on the flanks; a barred pattern, which includes forehead stripes, can be assumed by defensive brooding females (Ref. 33478). Breeding males: body and median fins dark grey to black with greenish or bluish hue (Ref. 2, 33478). Ventral surface can be lighter; a lighter zone runs from the snout over the top of the head and nape to the anterior part of the dorsum; on the head this light blue or green, even whitish area is dotted with numerous dark spots which may merge to a reticulum; scales on dorsum with dark centers, which extend the speckled pattern (Ref. 33478). Margins of dorsal and caudal fins red (Ref. 2, 4967, 33478, 56454) underlined posteriorly with white, or dusky in small males (Ref. 33478). Tassel-like genital papilla white (Ref. 2, 7248, 52193). Juveniles: silvery, with 6-10 thin straight vertical bars on body (Ref. 1887, 7248, 12524, 13337, 52193). Orange/yellowish fins (Ref. 7248, 12524, 13337, 52193). Caudal fin irregularly spotted centrally (Ref. 2). Preserved specimens: dark brown above, lighter below; base of scales dark, forming indistinct longitudinal streaks between the series; 8-10 dark cross-bars on body, and a faint longitudinal streak from opercle to base of caudal; dark opercular spot; vertical fins with faint dark and light spots forming oblique streaks; tip of dorsal fin and distal extremity of anal fin whitish; a dark spot at base of anterior rays of soft dorsal; snout dark (Ref. 54167). Trewavas, E. 1983 Tilapiine fishes of the genera <i>Sarotherodon</i>, <i>Oreochromis</i> and <i>Danakilia</i>. British Mus. Nat. Hist., London, UK. 583 p. (Ref. 2) FB-Morphology-1396 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2017-12-13 20:58:17 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1396 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Dorsal spines (total): 15 - 17; Dorsal soft rays (total): 11 - 14; Analspines: 3; Analsoft rays: 9 - 12; Vertebrae: 29 - 32 Trewavas, E. 1983 Tilapiine fishes of the genera <i>Sarotherodon</i>, <i>Oreochromis</i> and <i>Danakilia</i>. British Mus. Nat. Hist., London, UK. 583 p. (Ref. 2) FB-Distribution-1396 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2022-02-17 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1396 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Africa: Kafue, upper Zambezi, and Congo River systems, introduced elsewhere in Africa and in Hawaiian Islands. Also in the Okavango and Ngami region, Cunene basin, Chambezi and Bangweulu region (Ref. 5166). Trewavas, E. and G.G. Teugels 1991 Oreochromis. p. 307-346. In J. Daget, J.-P. Gosse, G.G. Teugels and D.F.E. Thys van den Audenaerde (eds.) Checklist of the freshwater fishes of Africa (CLOFFA). ISNB, Brussels; MRAC, Tervuren; and ORSTOM, Paris. Vol. 4. (Ref. 5166) FB-Uses-1396 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2025-12-18 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1396 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat fisheries: commercial; aquaculture: commercial; gamefish: yes Skelton, P.H. 1993 A complete guide to the freshwater fishes of southern Africa. Southern Book Publishers. 388 p. (Ref. 7248) Garibaldi, L. 1996 List of animal species used in aquaculture. FAO Fish. Circ. 914. 38 p. (Ref. 12108) Skelton, P.H. 2001 A complete guide to the freshwater fishes of southern Africa. Cape Town (South Africa): Struik Publishers, 395 p. (Ref. 52193) FB-LifeCycle-1396 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2025-12-18 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=1396&StockCode=1414 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Breeds in summer (Ref. 2, 7248, 52193). The reproductive season lasts from September to March in the southern regions of the species distribution (Ref. 52307). Males construct (Ref. 2, 13337) and defend (Ref. 2) a nest in shallowish waters (Ref. 2, 13337), which is a central volcano-shaped mound (Ref. 2, 314, 364, 5214, 13337, 55074) with a flat or slightly concave top which is the mating platform, surrounded by a ditch and vallum (groove and boundary wall) (Ref. 2). The cone is higher than the boundary wall of the territory (Ref. 2). Spawns in waters up to 150 (Ref. 2) or 300 (Ref. 52307) cm deep, along banks of the lakes/river (Ref. 2). Males court several females in succession and females may mate with more than one male in a summer, so that large populations of young may build up (Ref. 5214, 52307). Several nests are often grouped into an arena (Ref. 5214, 7248, 36094, 52193). If a male can successfully attract a female to his pit, both fish will swim to the center of the nest; the female then deposits her eggs - about 10-50 per spawn - and the male, possessing tassel-like genital papilla approximately 25 mm in length, swims over the eggs; the female touches the male's tassels with her lips, stimulating him to fertilize the eggs; surely part of the sperm will fertilize the eggs in the female's mouth, but the majority of the fertilization takes place outside, in the crater of the nest; Wickler (1966) wrote that he observed a spermatophore-like structure in this species but Trewavas (1983) wrote that it was more likely a filament of the genital papilla, as she did not observe any spermatophores in this species under natural conditions; pair-bonding does not take place, as partners are only together during spawning; in the wlld, females have been observed spawning with one male and then seeking others out to continue spawning with, in the end brooding some eggs from each; depending on its size, a female can carry up to 1300 eggs in her mouth; eggs have a diameter of 3 mm and are greenish-brown in color; a female can raise multiple broods per season, at about 5·week intervals; brooding females prefer to hide in regions with thick vegetation and cover; fry may initially leave the mother's mouth even before yolk sack is totally absorbed, but remain close together and are reincubated by the mother at night or when threatened; after about 21 days, the babies (about20 mm long) leave their mother; they spend their earliest days in the shallow waters near the banks, or in other regions that contain plenty of shelter; once they increase in size, they will begin to venture out into more open water (Ref. 52307). Trewavas, E. 1983 Tilapiine fishes of the genera <i>Sarotherodon</i>, <i>Oreochromis</i> and <i>Danakilia</i>. British Mus. Nat. Hist., London, UK. 583 p. (Ref. 2) FB-TrophicStrategy-1396 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-19 00:00:00 2006-02-17 00:48:06 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ macrochir Found in quiet waters along river margins and backwaters, in floodplain habitats and impoundments; juveniles live close inshore in shallow water (Ref. 7248, 52193). Inhabits the high plateau of the savanna, south of the rain forest; remains an inland species with no spread into coastal ecosystems; very low salinity tolerance (Ref. 2). Survives in ponds and dams (Ref. 4967). Frequency of occurence in Caprivi: frequently in sandy streams, abundant in standing deep water, common in shallow swamps, and occasionally in shallow flood plains (Ref. 37065). Trewavas, E. 1983 Tilapiine fishes of the genera <i>Sarotherodon</i>, <i>Oreochromis</i> and <i>Danakilia</i>. British Mus. Nat. Hist., London, UK. 583 p. (Ref. 2) FB-Size-1396 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2025-12-18 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1396 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size 43.0 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 54097)) Kelley, D.W. 1968 Fishery development in the central Barotse flood plain. FAO No. TA 2554. (Ref. 54097) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Habitat-1396 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2025-12-18 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1396 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Diseases benthopelagic; non-migratory (Ref. 126106); freshwater; depth range 5 - 14 m (Ref. 58302) Dean, E.M., A.R. Cooper, L. Wang, W. Daniel, S. David, C. Ernzen, K.B. Gido, E Hale, T.J. Haxton, W. Kelso, N. Leonard, C. Lido, J. Margraf, M. Porter, C. Pennock, D. Propst, J. Ross, M.D. Staudinger, G. Whelan and D.M. Infante 2022 The North American Freshwater Migratory Fish Database (NAFMFD): Characterizing the migratory life histories of freshwater fishes of Canada, the United States of Mexico. J. Biogeography 49:1193-1203. (Ref. 126106) Mundy, B.C. 2005 Checklist of the fishes of the Hawaiian Archipelago. Bishop Mus. Bull. Zool. (6):1-704. (Ref. 58302)