FB-1251 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1251 Animalia Chordata Elasmobranchii Myliobatiformes Myliobatidae Myliobatis Myliobatis freminvillei Lesueur, 1824 Chili Chochaio Fafalua Ramak-e-khaldar Orlen centkowany Ajeru Ajuru Arraia Arraia-bico-de-viúva Arraia-capote Arraia-chita Arraia-chita-de-viuva Arraia-fita-de-viúva Arraia-malhada Arraia-morcego Arraia-pintada Arraia-pinta-de-manga Cação anjo Narinari Papagaio Pintada Raia-chita Raia-leopardo Raia-pintada Ratão-leopardo Ratão-pintado Ratau ponteado Spikkel-arendrog Gharabi Lasgh'm rabidha Tess Thuwar'amir Tiss Tubaq Leik-kyauh-sun Siba běloskvrnná Plettet ørnerokke Adlerrochen Gefleckter Adlerrochen Bishop ray Bonnet skate Duckbil ray Duckbill eagle-ray Duckbill ray Eagle ray Flying ray Lady ray Lang spotted eagle ray Leopard ray Mottled eagle ray Skate Spotted bonnetray Spotted duckbill ray Spotted duckbilled ray Spotted eagle ray Spotted eagleray Spotted edgle-ray Spotted stingray Spotted whipray Sunfish Whip Whip ray Whitespotted eagle ray White-spotted eagle ray Täpik-haugasrai Täpikrai Ababu Avoka vai beka Vai tonotono Täpläkorkarausku Aigle de mer léopard Aigle de mer tacheté Aigle de mer tachetée Raie aigle Raie chauve-souris Raie léopard Raie noire Kpotsile Wagaliu વગલ્યુ  Hailepo Hīhīmanu Lupe Pe manuk Madara tobiei Madara-tobi-ei Imil Jimojo Kakkathirandi Pulli-kakka-thirandi Vaval കാക്ക തിരണ്ടി കാക്കതിരണ്ടി പുള്ളി കാക്ക തിരണ്ടി പുളളികാക്കതിരണ്ടി വവാല്  വാവല് Bolad Wagli बोळाद वागळी Pari ayam Pari burung Pari helang Pari lang Pari lang lalat Pari lung Pari manok Pari-lang bintik putih орляк пятнистый Fai-manu Fai-pe'a Maylan Kipungu Pungu pijo Pungu pua Taachui Leopardrocka 'Ei'ei manu Fai manu Rai aeroai Curooway-tiriki Kurivi thirukai Vaval-thiru Valval thirukai கருவை திருக்‍கை குரவே தீருக்னக வரவல் தீரு வாவல் திருக்‍கை Eel-tenkee ఈల్ టెంకీ   Krabane nog Cá Duôi O Cá Ó sao Chucho Chucho pintado Gavilan pintado Obispo Raya Raya aguila Raya águila Raya gavilán Raya murciélago moteada Raya pico de pato Wakawa Aigle de mer Akpakpa Arendskoprog Chuchu agila Chuchu águila Djiwala Faaiy Fai 'e'emanu Fai sikotā Fáyi ketaf Gevlekte adelaarsrog Hai manu Heiheimanu Jiwala Kwesire Lamburu jangang Maalee Madi Nek yorany Pari ayam Pari burung Pegasti narinari Potaka Taa Tāperetā Vaifiya madi Vali lovo Vavoi maduwa Vavoul maduva Vé-nê Walbuulbul رامك خالدار 納氏鷂鋫 納氏鷂鱝 纳氏鹞鲼 雀仔鯆 雪花鴨嘴燕魟 雪花鸭嘴燕魟 鷹嘴鯆 Aetobates narinari (Euphrasen, 1790) Aetobatis latirostris Duméril, 1861 Aetobatis narinari (Euphrasen, 1790) Aetomylus maculatus (non Gray, 1834) Muliobatus marcgravii Billberg, 1833 Myliobatus maculatus (non Gray, 1834) Raja narinari Euphrasen, 1790 Stoasodon narinari (Euphrasen, 1790) 1990-10-17 2022-09-19 Randall, J.E.0 Food habits of reef fishes of the West Indies. 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Tariche0 The coastal fishes of the Cape Verde Islands - new records and an annotated check-list. Spixiana 36(1):113-142. (Ref. 94080) McCosker, J.E. and R.H. Rosenblatt0 The fishes of the Galápagos archipelago: An update. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 61[4(Suppl.2)]:167-195. (Ref. 94512) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en, April 2014. (Ref. 95632) Page, L.M., H. Espinosa-Pérez, L.T. Findley, C.R. Gilbert, R.N. Lea, N.E. Mandrak, R.L. Mayden and J.S. Nelson0 Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States, Canada and Mexico, 7th edition. Bethesda, Maryland: American Fisheries Society, Special Publication 34, 384 p. (Ref. 96293) Love, M.S., C.W. Mecklenburg, T.A. Mecklenburg and L.K. Thorsteinson0 Resource inventory of marine and estuarine fishes of the West Coast and Alaska: A checklist of North Pacific and Arctic Ocean species from Baja California to the Alaska-Yukon border. U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Seattle, Washington, 98104. (Ref. 96339) White, W.T.0 A revised generic arrangement for the eagle ray family Myliobatidae, with definitions for the valid genera. Zootaxa 3860(2):149-166. (Ref. 97392) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en, [accessed 13/04/2015]. (Ref. 101110) Pihu, E.0 Loomade elu 4. köide. Kalad. Pihu, E. 1979. Loomade Elu, 4. Köide, Kalad. Valgus, Tallinn. (Ref. 105472) White, W.T. and G.J.P. Naylor0 Resurrection of the family Aetobatidae (Myliobatiformes) for the pelagic eagle rays, genus <i>Aetobatus</i>. Zootaxa 4139(3):435-438. (Ref. 109645) Pinto, M.F., J.S. Mourão and R.R.N. Alves0 How do artisanal fishermen name fish? An ethnotaxonomic study in northeastern Brazil. J. Ethnobiol. 36(2):348-381. (Ref. 109649) Last, P.R., W.T. White, M.R. de Carvalho, B. Séret, M.F.W. Stehmann and G.J.P. Naylor0 Rays of the world. CSIRO Publishing, Comstock Publishing Associates. i-ix + 1-790. (Ref. 114953) Anderson, E.S.0 The response of a predatory fish, <i>Ophiodon elongatus</i>, to a marine protected area: variation in diet, catch rates, and size composition. California Polytechnic State University. (Ref. 115074) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en (accessed 08/06/2017). (Ref. 115257) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from htttps://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en [accessed May, 2018] (Ref. 118272) Palomares, M.L.D., R. Froese, B. Derrick, S.-L. Nöel, G. Tsui, J. Woroniak and D. Pauly0 A preliminary global assessment of the status of exploited marine fish and invertebrate populations. A report prepared by the Sea Around Us for OCEANA. The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, p. 64. (Ref. 118628) Tsuboi, M., W. van der Bijl, B.T. Kopperud, J. Erritzoe, K.L. Voje, A. Kotrschal, K.E. Yopak, S.P. Collin, A.N. Iwaniuk and N. Kolm0 Breakdown of brain-body allometry and the encephalization of birds and mammals. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 2:1495-1500. (Ref. 118717) Cerutti-Pereyra, F., K. Bassos-Hull, X. Arvizu-Torres, K.A. Wilkinson, I. Garcia-Carrillo, J.C. Perez-Jimenez and R.E. Hueter0 Observations of spotted eagle rays (<i>Aetobatus narinari</i>) in the Mexican Caribbean using photo-ID. Environ. Biol. Fishes 101:237-244. (Ref. 121348) Kullander, S.O.0 GJ Billberg’s (1833) ‘On the ichthyology, and description of some new fish species of the pipefish genus Syngnathus’. Zootaxa 4066(2):101-124. (Ref. 123549) Tewfik, A.0 Life history, ecology, fisheries, stock status, and management measures of the queen conch, <i>Strombus gigas</i>. CARICOM Fisheries Res. Doc, 19:84-117. (Ref. 127891) Marčeta, B. and K. Pliberšek (eds)0 BiosWeb. Biological database of the Fisheries Research Institute of Slovenia. Ljubljana, Fisheries Research Institute of Slovenia, 2014. (www.biosweb.org. updated 13/04/2023). (Ref. 128520) To, A.W.L., K.S.H. Ching and S.K.H. Shea0 Hong Kong reef fish photo guide. Eco-Education and Resources Centre (Ref. 128523) Harborne, A.0 Fish and coral species lists compiled by Coral Cay Conservation: Belize 1990-1998. Coral Cay Conservation, 26p. (Ref. 128811) Beolens, B., M. Grayson and M. Watkins0 Eponym dictionary of Fishes. Dunbeath, Caithness (Scotland, UK): Whittles Publishing Limited, 1300 p. (Ref. 128868) Sales, J.B.L., C.N. de Oliveira, W.C.R. dos Santos, M.M. Rotundo, Y. Ferreira, J. Ready, I. Sampaio, C. Oliveira, V.P. Cruz, R.E. Lara-Mendoza and L.F. da Silva Rodrigues-Filho0 Phylogeography of eagle rays of the genus <i>Aetobatus</i>: <i>Aetobatus narinari</i> is restricted to the continental western Atlantic Ocean. Hydrobiologia 836:169-183. [First appeared online, pp. 1-15, on 5 Apr. 2019; volume number and pages added later in 2019.]. (Ref. 129406) DeGroot, B., G. Roskar, L. Brewster and M. Ajemian0 Fine-scale movement and habitat use of whitespotted eagle rays <i>Aetobatus narinari</i> in the Indian River Lagoon, Florida, USA. Endangered Species Research 42:109-124. (Ref. 129750) DeGroot, B.C., K. Bassos-Hull, K.A. Wilkinson, S. Lowerre-Barbieri, G.R. Poulakis and M.J. Ajemian0 Variable migration patterns of whitespotted eagle rays <i>Aetobatus narinari</i> along Florida's coastlines. Mar. Biol. 168(2):18. (Ref. 129822) Lowerre‐Barbieri, S.K., C. Friess, L.P. Griffin, D. Morley, G.B. Skomal, J.W. Bickford, N. Hammerschlag, M.J. Rider, M.J. Smukall, M.P. van Zinnicq Bergmann, T.L. Guttridge, A. Kroetz, D. Grubbs, C.L. Gervasi, J.S. Rehage and G.R…. Poulakis0 Movescapes and eco-evolutionary movement strategies in marine fish: assessing a connectivity hotspot. Fish and Fisheries, 22(6):1321-1344. (Ref. 129954) Ajemian, M.J. and S.P. Powers0 Towed-float satellite telemetry tracks large-scale movement and habitat connectivity of myliobatid stingrays Environmental Biology of Fishes 97(9):1067-1081. (Ref. 130024) Kwei, E.A. and D.W. Ofori-Adu0 Fishes in the coastal waters of Ghana. Comm. 2. Tema-Ghana. 124p. (Ref. 130891) Ferragut-Perello, F., S. Ramirez-Amaro, A.C. Tsikliras, N. Petit-Marty, D. Dimarchopoulou0 Exploitation and conservation status of the thornback ray (<i>Raja clavata</i>) in the Balearic Islands (Western Mediterranean). Fishes 8(2):117. (Ref. 132125) FB-pic-1250-4247 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif FAO 1995-05-30 1998-12-14 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1250 http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Aenar_u0.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Aenar_u0.gif FB-GeneralDescr-1250 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2021-12-03 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1250 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TrophicStrategy Commonly found in coastal habitats to at least 60 m depth (Ref. 114953). Swims close to the surface, occasionally leaping out of the water, or close to the bottom (Ref. 3175). Frequently forming large schools during the non-breeding season (Ref. 7251). Feeds on polychaetes, bivalves, gastropods, cepahlopods, shrimps and small fishes (Ref. 114953). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Bears young in litters of 2-4 (Ref. 26938, 114953). Last, P.R., W.T. White, M.R. de Carvalho, B. Séret, M.F.W. Stehmann and G.J.P. Naylor 2016 Rays of the world. CSIRO Publishing, Comstock Publishing Associates. i-ix + 1-790. (Ref. 114953) FB-DiagnosticDescr-1250 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rodolfo B. Reyes 1996-05-03 00:00:00 2017-11-15 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1250 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size An eagleray with a long snout, flat and rounded like a duck's bill, a thick head, and a pectoral disc with sharply curved, angular corners, and no caudal fin; jaws usually with single row of flat, chevron-shaped teeth (Ref. 5578). Each tooth a crescent-shaped plate joined into a band (Ref. 26938). Numerous white spots on black or bluish disc; white below (Ref. 5578). Long whiplike tail, with a long spine near the base, behind small dorsal fin. No spines on disk (Ref. 7251). Myers, R.F. 1991 Micronesian reef fishes. Second Ed. Coral Graphics, Barrigada, Guam. 298 p. FB-Morphology-1250 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rodolfo B. Reyes 1996-05-03 00:00:00 2017-11-15 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1250 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Dorsal spines (total): 0; Dorsal soft rays (total): 0; Analspines: 0; Analsoft rays: 0 Myers, R.F. 1991 Micronesian reef fishes. Second Ed. Coral Graphics, Barrigada, Guam. 298 p. FB-Distribution-1250 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2023-11-28 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1250 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Western Atlantic and probably Eastern Atlantic. Indo-Pacific species refer to Aetobatus ocellatus; Eastern Pacific species refers to A. laticeps. Last, P.R., W.T. White, M.R. de Carvalho, B. Séret, M.F.W. Stehmann and G.J.P. Naylor 2016 Rays of the world. CSIRO Publishing, Comstock Publishing Associates. i-ix + 1-790. (Ref. 114953) FB-Uses-1250 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2021-12-03 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1250 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution fisheries: minor commercial; price category: medium; price reliability: very questionable: based on ex-vessel price for species in this family Stehmann, M. and R. Vergara R. 1978 Myliobatidae. In W. Fischer (ed.) FAO Species Identificaiton Sheets for Fishery Purposes. Western Central Atlantic (fishing area 31). Vol. 5. [pag. var.]. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 3173) FB-Migration-1250 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2021-12-03 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1250 Amphidromous. Refers to fishes that regularly migrate between freshwater and the sea (in both directions), but not for the purpose of breeding, as in anadromous and catadromous species. Sub-division of diadromous. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km.Characteristic elements in amphidromy are: reproduction in fresh water, passage to sea by newly hatched larvae, a period of feeding and growing at sea usually a few months long, return to fresh water of well-grown juveniles, a further period of feeding and growing in fresh water, followed by reproduction there (Ref. 82692). DeGroot, B.C., K. Bassos-Hull, K.A. Wilkinson, S. Lowerre-Barbieri, G.R. Poulakis and M.J. Ajemian 2021 Variable migration patterns of whitespotted eagle rays <i>Aetobatus narinari</i> along Florida's coastlines. Mar. Biol. 168(2):18. (Ref. 129822) FB-LifeCycle-1250 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Cristina V. Garilao 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2021-12-03 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=1250&StockCode=1266 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Bears up to 4 young (Ref. 5578, 6871, 37816). Width at birth 17-35 cm (Ref. 37816).According to Uchida et al (1990) (Ref. 51119) 'the male chases the female in mid water, then nibbles on her dorsal surface. The female stops swimming to begin copulation. The male bites the female on a pectoral fin and bends one clasper forward, then attempts an abdomen to abdomen copulation with either clasper, usually mid-water' (Ref. 49562). Copulation lasted for 20 seconds to 1 minute (Ref. 49562). Breder, C.M. and D.E. Rosen 1966 Modes of reproduction in fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey. 941 p. (Ref. 205) FB-TrophicStrategy-1250 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Pascualita Sa-a 1995-04-01 00:00:00 2024-05-27 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public narinari http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Commonly found in coastal habitats to at least 60 m depth (Ref. 114953). Swims close to the surface, occasionally leaping out of the water, or close to the bottom (Ref. 3175). Frequently forming large schools during the non-breeding season (Ref. 7251). Feeds on polychaetes, bivalves, gastropods, cephalopods, shrimps and small fishes (Ref. 114953). Found in brackish and marine waters (Ref. 86942). Randall, J.E. 1967 Food habits of reef fishes of the West Indies. Stud. Trop. Oceanogr. Miami 5:665-847. (Ref. 33) FB-Size-1250 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2021-12-03 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1250 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat 230 cm WD (male/unsexed; (Ref. 114953)); max. published weight: 230.0 kg (Ref. 7251) Last, P.R., W.T. White, M.R. de Carvalho, B. Séret, M.F.W. Stehmann and G.J.P. Naylor 2016 Rays of the world. CSIRO Publishing, Comstock Publishing Associates. i-ix + 1-790. (Ref. 114953) Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray 1986 A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Diseases-1250-904 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2003-05-23 00:00:00 2003-05-23 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=1250&StockCode=1266 Thaumatocotyle Infestation 3. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Hargis, W.J. 1955 Monogenetic trematodes of Gulf of Mexico fishes. Part V. The superfamily Capsaloidea. Trans. Am. Micro. Soc. 74(3):203-225. (Ref. 46261) FB-Habitat-1250 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2021-12-03 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1250 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size benthopelagic; amphidromous (Ref. 129822); brackish; marine; depth range 1 - 80 m (Ref. 9710) DeGroot, B.C., K. Bassos-Hull, K.A. Wilkinson, S. Lowerre-Barbieri, G.R. Poulakis and M.J. Ajemian 2021 Variable migration patterns of whitespotted eagle rays <i>Aetobatus narinari</i> along Florida's coastlines. Mar. Biol. 168(2):18. (Ref. 129822) Lieske, E. and R. Myers 1994 Collins Pocket Guide. Coral reef fishes. Indo-Pacific & Caribbean including the Red Sea. Haper Collins Publishers, 400 p. (Ref. 9710)