Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
นิเวศวิทยา
เกี่ยวกับทะเล,น้ำเค็ม กลุ่มสัตว์หน้าดิน,กลุ่มสัตว์พื้นท้องน้ำ; ไม่มีการอพยพย้ายถิ่น; ระดับความลึก 100 - 1000 m (Ref. 1371), usually 300 - 500 m (Ref. 54573). Temperate; 0°C - 4°C (Ref. 1371); 82°N - 37°N, 95°W - 61°E (Ref. 54573)
North Atlantic: Norfolk Canyon and George Bank north to Labrador, Davis Strait, eastern and western Greenland, Iceland, and from the Irish Atlantic slope north to Faeroe Islands, Norwegian coast, to Spitzbergen, and to the Barents Sea.
Length at first maturity / ขนาด / น้ำหนัก / Age
Maturity: Lm 54.3 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 110 cm TL เพศผู้/กระเทย; (Ref. 35388); อายุสูงสุดที่ได้รายงาน: 25 ปี (Ref. 1371)
เงี่ยงครีบหลัง (รวม) : 0; เงี่ยงครีบก้น: 0. Snout short, rather strongly pointed; mouth small, inferior. Underside of head almost entirely naked. Pyloric caeca about 19 or 20. Overall color is gray, darker ventrally on trunk; anal fin dark-edged, first dorsal and pectoral fins dusky (Ref. 1371). Front end of dorsal fin spine is serrated (Ref. 35388).
Epibenthic, in deep waters down to 2740 (Ref. 58426). Adults are commonly found in about 300-500 m depth. Temperature preferences appear to range from about 1-4°C, although bottom temperatures below 0°C have been recorded at capture depths. Amphipods predominate in the diet, although polychaetes and various natant crustaceans are also important. Also feed on bivalves, isopods, echinoderms (notably ophiuroids), and ctenophores (Ref. 1371). Batch spawner (Ref. 51846).
Cohen, D.M., T. Inada, T. Iwamoto and N. Scialabba, 1990. FAO species catalogue. Vol. 10. Gadiform fishes of the world (Order Gadiformes). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of cods, hakes, grenadiers and other gadiform fishes known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(10). Rome: FAO. 442 p. (Ref. 1371)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 0.8 - 7, mean 3.2 °C (based on 434 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5312 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00398 (0.00248 - 0.00639), b=3.19 (3.05 - 3.33), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
ระดับชั้นอาหาร (Ref.
69278): 3.8 ±0.49 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 28.2 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
ความสามารถในการกลับคืนสู่ปกติ (Ref.
120179): ต่ำ, เวลาต่ำสุดที่จะทำให้ประชากรเพิ่มขึ้นเป็น 2 เท่าใช้เวลา 4.5 - 14 ปี (tm=15; tmax=25; Fec=25,000).
Prior r = 0.32, 95% CL = 0.21 - 0.47, Based on 1 data-limited stock assessment.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High to very high vulnerability (75 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate vulnerability (41 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 12.2 [5.7, 24.0] mg/100g; Iron = 0.198 [0.103, 0.362] mg/100g; Protein = 16.6 [14.5, 18.7] %; Omega3 = 0.328 [0.147, 0.688] g/100g; Selenium = 32.3 [13.1, 73.1] μg/100g; VitaminA = 16.5 [3.6, 76.4] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.546 [0.348, 0.859] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
