分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
; 淡水; 半咸淡水 底中水层性; pH range: 7.0 - 7.5; dH range: 10 - 15; 河川洄游 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 15 - ? m (Ref. 5732). 溫帶; 4°C - 20°C (Ref. 1672); 73°N - 37°N, 7°E - 136°E
Europe and Asia: Baltic, Black, northern Caspian and North Sea basins, Atlantic basin southward to Seine and lower Loire drainages (France). Absent in Scandinavia north of 69°N. In Asia, eastward to Lena drainage and Aral basin. Introduced to Great Britain and northern Italy (Ref. 59043). Transported to several countries in Europe and the United States for ornament (Ref. 4537).
歐洲與亞洲: 萊茵河流域到那位於雅庫特- 薩哈共和國西方。 在歐洲與美國移植到一些國家作為觀賞用了。 (參考文獻 4537)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 85.0 cm SL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 59043); common length : 30.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 556); 最大体重: 4.0 kg (Ref. 556); 最大年龄: 29 年 (Ref. 126842)
背棘 (总数) : 3; 背的软条 (总数) : 8 - 11; 臀棘: 3; 臀鳍软条: 8 - 11; 脊椎骨: 47. Diagnosed from congeners in Europe by the following characters: lateral line with 56-58 + 3 scales; pharyngeal teeth 3,5-5,3; mouth terminal; dorsal fin with 8½ branched rays; anal fin with 10-11½ branched rays; all fins except dorsal fin with reddish tinge; pigmentation on lateral scales lacking regular black mesh (Ref. 59043). Caudal fin with 19 rays (Ref. 2196).
尾鳍有 19个鳍条。 (参考文献 2196)
Usually inhabits large lowland rivers and nutrient-rich lakes. Adults are solitary while juveniles are gregarious. Undertakes migration to tributaries to spawn in moderate current on gravel or submerged vegetation. Feeds on various aquatic and terrestrial animals and plant material. Larger individuals feed mainly on fishes. Feeding larvae and juveniles thrive in a wide variety of shoreline habitats and leave the shores for deeper waters when growing. Reported to sometimes hybridizes with Aspius aspius (Ref. 59043). Its flesh is not tasty (Ref. 30578). Aquarium keeping: at least 10 individuals; minimum aquarium size >200 cm; not recommended for home aquariums (Ref. 51539).
在中型到大型河川，池塘与湖的清澈的水池中成群出现。 (参考文献 5723) 在春天进入河产卵于砾石或植物之上。 吃昆虫，软件动物与甲壳动物; 较大的个体吃鱼例如 Rutilus rutilus 与 Alburnus alburnus. 在春天繁殖。 卵被发现在浅水区中依附于砾石，杂草与石头。 (参考文献 41678) 捕捉是意外的。 时常与 Rutilus rutilus 互相混淆。 它的肉不是好吃。 (参考文献 30578) 水族馆保持: 至少 10个个体; 水族馆最小体型 >200 公分; 不向那边推荐家庭的水族箱鱼。 (参考文献 51539)
"Females spawn only once each season. Individual females spawn with several males. Males assemble at spawning grounds and follow ripe females. Females attach the sticky eggs to gravel or submerged plant material" (Ref. 59043).歐洲與亞洲: 萊茵河流域到那位於雅庫特- 薩哈共和國西方。 在歐洲與美國移植到一些國家作為觀賞用了。 (參考文獻 4537)
Kottelat, M. and J. Freyhof, 2007. Handbook of European freshwater fishes. Publications Kottelat, Cornol and Freyhof, Berlin. 646 pp. (Ref. 59043)
人类利用
渔业: 商业性; 游钓鱼种: 是的; 水族馆: 商业性
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特别资料
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Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00589 (0.00483 - 0.00718), b=3.15 (3.12 - 3.18), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 3.8 ±0.59 se; based on food items.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增时间4.5 - 14 年 (tm=5-9).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High to very high vulnerability (69 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 63.1 [29.0, 124.9] mg/100g; Iron = 0.636 [0.374, 1.054] mg/100g; Protein = 19.5 [17.9, 21.2] %; Omega3 = 0.66 [0.33, 1.31] g/100g; Selenium = 11.7 [6.0, 22.7] μg/100g; VitaminA = 23.2 [7.9, 69.8] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.683 [0.480, 0.980] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
