分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Elasmobranchii
板鳃亚纲 (鲨鱼与 鱼) (sharks and rays) >
Rajiformes (Skates and rays) >
Rajidae (Skates)
Etymology: Dipturus: Greek, di = two + Greek, pteryx = fin (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋 居于水底的; 深度上下限 100 - 1000 m (Ref. 4426), usually 30 - 600 m (Ref. 127222). 亞熱帶的; 70°N - 48°N, 30°W - 20°E (Ref. 127222)
Northeastern Atlantic: Iceland to the British isles; it was formerly more widespread, including the Mediterranean Sea and North Africa, but the range is thought to be reduced due to fishing.
東大西洋: 挪威，冰島，法羅到塞內加爾, 包括地中海西部與波羅的海西部。 從許多的它的從前的分佈區域因為使用拖網而滅絕了。 (參考文獻 27438)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 160.0 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 285 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 35388); common length : 100.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 3261); 最大体重: 113.0 kg (Ref. 114424); 最大年龄: 51 年 (Ref. 4483)
背棘 (总数) : 0; 臀棘: 0. This species is characterized by the following: snout broadly angular, length 5-6.3 times orbit length; disc broadly rhombic, anterior margin deeply concave; a row of 12-31 predorsal thorns in median row along tail (disc smooth in young; denticles confined to dorsal head and along anterior disc margin on both surfaces in adults; disc thorns small in young, largely absent in adults); lateral thorns on tail perpendicular to body axis; interspace between dorsal fins 1.2 ± 0.4 TL, the fins rounded, upright, near tail tip; upper surface olive-grey or brown with a variable pattern of light blotches, with yellowish ring-like markings; underside greyish; iris yellowish (Ref. 114953, 127223).
吻非常长而尖的; 眼睛前的长度 2,5-4,0 倍距离他们之间; 体盘宽广菱形具有尖锐的外角; 上表皮与下面平滑的当幼鱼时, 部分多刺在较大的标本中; 没有在体盘上的刺 , 一列 12-18个刺沿着尾部; 40-56个齿列; 上表皮橄榄灰色或褐色的有灰色的一个淡色的斑点可变图案，下面到蓝灰色.(参考文献 3167)
Benthic species in shelf and slope waters, mainly within the 200 m range along the continental shelf, but down to 600 m along continental slopes and seamounts (Ref. 127222). Feeds on all kinds of bottom invertebrates and fish, including other skates (Ref. 114953). Oviparous, with long embryonic development. Males reach maturity at ca. 115 cm TL, females at 123 cm TL; birth size at ca. 21 cm TL (Ref. 114953). Biology may be unclear due to past taxonomic confusion Distinct pairing with embrace. Young may tend to follow large objects, such as their mother (Ref. 205). Mate in spring and the egg capsules are laid during the summer. Eggs are oblong capsules with stiff pointed horns at the corners deposited in sandy or muddy flats (Ref. 205). Egg capsules are 10.6-24.5 cm long and 5.0-14.5 cm wide (Ref. 41250). About 40 eggs per individual are laid annually (Ref. 41250). Flesh is marketed fresh or smoked (Ref. 35388).
在大陆架及大陆斜坡水域的底栖的种对于深度与温度具有一个广泛的包容。 (参考文献 4426) 在 200 公尺范围里面主要地发现于沿岸水域了。 (参考文献 3167) 捕食各种的底部动物, 大的个体偏爱鱼。 (参考文献 3167) 卵生的。 明显的成对出现。 幼鱼可能倾向跟随大的个体, 例如他们的母亲.(参考文献 205) 在春天交配，而且卵鞘在夏天期间生产。 卵为长方形鞘囊具有僵硬的触角沈积在沙滩或泥滩的角落.(参考文献 205) 卵鞘是 10.6-24.5 公分长与 5.0-14.5 公分宽的.(参考文献 41250) 大约 40个每个体卵生产每年。 (参考文献 41250) 肉被在市场上销售新鲜或熏制。 (参考文献 35388)
Oviparous, paired eggs are laid. Embryos feed solely on yolk (Ref. 50449). Egg-cases laid in spring and summer, very large (Ref. 3167). Distinct pairing with embrace. Young may tend to follow large objects, such as their mother (Ref. 205). Eggs have horn-like projections on the shell (Ref. 205).東大西洋: 挪威，冰島，法羅到塞內加爾, 包括地中海西部與波羅的海西部。 從許多的它的從前的分佈區域因為使用拖網而滅絕了。 (參考文獻 27438)
McEachran, J.D. and K.A. Dunn, 1998. Phylogenetic analysis of skates, a morphologically conservative clade of elasmobranchs (Chondrichthyes: Rajidae). Copeia 1998(2):271-290. (Ref. 27314)
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 7.1 - 15, mean 9.8 °C (based on 243 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00324 (0.00195 - 0.00536), b=3.20 (3.06 - 3.34), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 3.5 ±0.6 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 19.3 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 非常低的, 最小族群倍增时间超过14 年 (K=0.06; tm=11; tmax=51; fec = 40).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (86 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate vulnerability (42 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 5.44 [0.70, 105.27] mg/100g; Iron = 0.623 [0.058, 8.004] mg/100g; Protein = 16.2 [14.1, 18.2] %; Omega3 = 0.357 [0.147, 0.840] g/100g; Selenium = 50.9 [9.5, 261.5] μg/100g; VitaminA = 4.02 [0.31, 51.49] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.371 [0.023, 4.306] mg/100g (wet weight);
