分類 / Names
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Cichliformes (Cichlids, convict blennies)
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Cichlidae (Cichlids)
慈鯛科魚類 (Cichlids) > Pseudocrenilabrinae
Etymology: Oreochromis: Latin, aurum = gold + Greek, chromis = a fish, perhaps a perch (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Trewavas.
Issue
Turner and Robinson (1991) (Ref. 55079) conclude that Oreochromis saka is a junior synonym of O. karongae (also Ref. 6150), although Turner et al. (1989) (Ref. 40180) reported O. squamipinnis to be most similar to O. saka and O. karongae the most divergent (Ref. 55954).
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
; 淡水 底中水層性; 深度上下限 0 - 50 m (Ref. 118638), usually 0 - 10 m (Ref. 5595). 熱帶; 22°C - 28°C; 8°S - 15°S
Africa: Lake Malawi and its catchment (Ref. 2, 5166, 118630, 118638), including crater lake Itamba and Ikapu (Ref. 118638).
非洲: 馬拉威湖。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 28.9, range 20 - 38 cm
Max length : 42.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 6150); 38.0 cm SL (female)
背棘 (總數) : 15 - 17; 背的軟條 (總數) : 10 - 12; 臀棘: 3; 臀鰭軟條: 8 - 10; 脊椎骨: 30 - 32. Diagnosis: A heavily-built large tilapia species with a wide rounded head and short jaws; individuals vary a lot in dentition, with some having very wide bands of jaw teeth (Ref. 118638). Head length 30.8-36.0% of standard length; lower pharyngeal with large toothed area with straight or slightly convex sides; median length of pharyngeal bone 1.14-1.32 times its width and 38.2-42.2% of head length; blade 1.0-1.7 times median length of toothed area; length of lower jaw 28.4-34.5% of head length; teeth of jaws in 4-6 rows (Ref. 2). Females and juveniles with greyish-brown bodies and 4-5 vertical bars (Ref. 118638). Males are black with a white margin to the dorsal and tailfins; the genital tassel can be long and branched and pinkish to bright yellow (Ref. 2, 118638). It is one of the 'chambo' group Oreochromis from the Lake Malawi catchment; females and non-territorial males cannot be reliably distinguished from those of Oreochromis squamipinnis; females and non-territorial males from Lake Ikapu are a bright golden colour (Ref. 118638).
鑑別: 頭長 30.8-36.0% SL; 下頜 28.4-34.5% 頭長的長度; 在 4-5(6) 列中的顎的齒.(參考文獻 2) 大的 (低的) 咽骨有大的有齒區域 (參考文獻 2,2781), 有直的 (參考文獻 2,4364,52161) 或些微中凸的側邊.(參考文獻 2) 硬骨 1.14-1.32 的平均長度倍於它的寬度與 38.2-42.2% 頭長; 倍有齒區域的平均長度的葉片 1.0-1.7; 繁殖期的雄魚黑色.(參考文獻 2)
描述: 眼前的吻的上面輪廓通常中凸的.(參考文獻 55427) 顎小的.(參考文獻 6150) 廣闊地的齒箍.(參考文獻 4967) 很重地被發展的低的咽骨; 頭部與顎的大小, 身體與齒列族群受扶養者的數字的深度.(參考文獻 55079) 低咽骨的三角形有齒區域的側邊不凹曲。 (參考文獻 55427) 尾鰭有鱗的 (參考文獻 2,55427) 與邊緣微凹的.(參考文獻 2) 尾鰭的上葉與下葉圓的當成魚時; 尾柄長達或長度超過深的; 生殖乳突突出而兩裂的在繁殖方面魚.(參考文獻 2) 雄性發育一件繁殖服裝 (參考文獻 5595) 與一個生殖的流蘇 (參考文獻 5595,44514), 每個分支生長著小瘤與絲狀突起。 (參考文獻 2)
體色 非繁殖魚: 銀灰色, 比較深色的在背面上, 有黑色的對側面中央的不平坦長度從背面的縱帶.(參考文獻 2) 成熟的雌性: 非常深色的, 幾乎黑色的.(參考文獻 55079) 在一些倍每年 (參考文獻 55079) ，雌性, 稚魚與非繁殖魚發育對背鰭的土黃色身體有黃色邊緣.(參考文獻 6150,55079) 求偶的雄魚: 黑色的 (參考文獻 2781,4967,6150,55079), 在頭部或身體上的通常有彩虹色的區塊.(參考文獻 55079) 側面鱗片時常以黃銅色的金屬斑點.(參考文獻 55079) 寬的白色邊緣到背部的 (參考文獻 2,55427) 與尾鰭與有時也到臀鰭.(參考文獻 2) 黑色的顏色在幾個第二個之內失去何時危險警報, 在側面或頭部上轉一個白灰色, 通常有彩虹色的呈綠色或黃銅色的區域.(參考文獻 40193)
It is found in all kinds of habitats; it has been observed in shallow vegetated bays, in intermediate habitats, over sand, and in purely rocky biotopes (Ref. 5595). At most locations it is found at shallow levels, rarely deeper than 10 metres (Ref. 5595), but it can be present from the surface waters to depths of 40-50m (Ref. 118638). It feeds on phytoplankton and on diatom sediment on the sand; the so-called 'multitooth' morph at Cape Maclear grazes from rocks and might harvest the loose aufwuchs (Ref. 5595). A maternal mouthbrooder; males defend territories from shallow water down to at least 28m; males dig pits, which are sometimes huge craters with a small raised platform of fine sand (Ref. 118638). It is an important component of the fisheries catch in Lake Malawi (Ref. 118638). The IUCN conservation status is rated as endangered, based on declining fishery catches due to overfishing (Ref. 118638).
出現於水淺的長滿植物的海灣,在沙子之上, 在純粹岩石的生存環境與其他類型的棲息地; 大部份發現於深度淺的地方了; 吃浮游植物與在沙子上的矽藻類沉澱物上.(參考文獻 5595) 母親的口孵者.(參考文獻 6150)
A maternal mouthbrooder; males defend territories from shallow water down to at least 28m; males dig pits, which are sometimes huge craters with a small raised platform of fine sand (Ref. 118638). Breeding period extends over several months as noted in Lake Malombe, at present one of the main breeding areas for this species (Ref. 6150). Males build nests on a variety of substrata and at depths of 0.5m to at least 28m; nests generally 0.3-1.9m diameter, with dimensions correlated to male size (Ref. 55079). Nest with a characteristic spawning cone in its center (Ref. 5595). Courtship appears to occur mainly in the early morning (Ref. 40193, 55079), and consist of leading, followed by tilting and head-down quivering if the female follows the male to the nest (Ref. 40193). A female with 324 young of 15mm long in the mouth has been caught (Ref. 2781). Females keep guarding their fry until they are about 24 mm (Ref. 2781, 6150).非洲: 馬拉威湖。
Trewavas, E. and G.G. Teugels, 1991. Oreochromis. p. 307-346. In J. Daget, J.-P. Gosse, G.G. Teugels and D.F.E. Thys van den Audenaerde (eds.) Checklist of the freshwater fishes of Africa (CLOFFA). ISNB, Brussels; MRAC, Tervuren; and ORSTOM, Paris. Vol. 4. (Ref. 5166)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)
極危 (CR) (A2d); Date assessed: 22 May 2018
人類使用
漁業: 商業性
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Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01259 (0.00716 - 0.02213), b=2.96 (2.82 - 3.10), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 2.0 ±0.00 se; based on food items.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.24-0.56).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (38 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 14 [6, 73] mg/100g; Iron = 1.21 [0.54, 2.88] mg/100g; Protein = 17.9 [16.2, 19.7] %; Omega3 = 0.387 [0.134, 1.079] g/100g; Selenium = 85 [31, 197] μg/100g; VitaminA = 19.7 [4.5, 81.8] μg/100g; Zinc = 2.06 [1.13, 4.89] mg/100g (wet weight);
