Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ekologi
laut batidemersal; nir-ruaya; kisaran kedalaman 80 - 1170 m (Ref. 1371), usually 160 - 640 m (Ref. 1371). Deep-water; 42°N - 4°N, 98°W - 50°W (Ref. 58452)
Western Central Atlantic: Georges Bank, New England to Suriname and French Guiana.
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / umur
Maturity: Lm 28.0 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 40.6 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 1371); 70.0 cm TL (female); common length : 30.0 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 1371); common length :45 cm TL (female); Berat maksimum terpublikasi: 0.00 g
Duri punggung (Keseluruhan (total)) : 1; duri punggung lunak (Keseluruhan (total)) : 45 - 51; Duri dubur: 0; Sirip dubur lunak: 35 - 41; vertebrata, bertulang belakang: 51 - 53. Head rather long; mouth large; gill rakers short and thick, with blunt tips; pectoral fin tips reaching a vertical through anus in small fish but not in larger ones; overall color silvery white (Ref. 1371).
Offshore species which inhabit the outer part of the continental shelf and upper part of the slope. Feed at night when they come up towards the surface (Ref. 1371). Juveniles feed primarily on crustaceans (Ref. 58452). Adults' food consists primarily of fishes (particularly lantern fishes, sardines and anchovies) and, to a lesser extent, crustaceans and squids (Ref. 1371). Spawning occurs near the bottom at 330-550 m depth range from April to July in New England and from late spring to early autumn in the Gulf of Mexico and the Carribean Sea (Ref. 58452). Marketed fresh, frozen and smoked.
Cohen, D.M., T. Inada, T. Iwamoto and N. Scialabba, 1990. FAO species catalogue. Vol. 10. Gadiform fishes of the world (Order Gadiformes). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of cods, hakes, grenadiers and other gadiform fishes known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(10). Rome: FAO. 442 p. (Ref. 1371)
Status IUCN Red List (Ref. 130435)
ancaman kepada manusia
Harmless
penggunaan manusia
Perikanan: nilai komersial kecil
Alat, peralatan
laporan khas
muat turun XML
Sumber internet
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 7.1 - 20.5, mean 12.6 °C (based on 182 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00759 (0.00453 - 0.01269), b=3.01 (2.86 - 3.16), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 3.4 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 2.3 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 2
growth studies.
Daya lenting (Ref.
120179): sedang, Waktu penggandaan populasi minimum 1.4 - 4.4 tahun (Assuming tmax > 3 and tm >=2; K=0.57; Fec=340,000).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (30 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Low to moderate vulnerability (29 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 16.3 [7.2, 65.7] mg/100g; Iron = 0.484 [0.080, 1.352] mg/100g; Protein = 17.2 [15.7, 18.6] %; Omega3 = 0.252 [0.112, 0.506] g/100g; Selenium = 24.9 [9.8, 55.4] μg/100g; VitaminA = 11 [2, 52] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.301 [0.197, 0.490] mg/100g (wet weight);
