Teleostei (teleosts) >
Carangiformes (Jacks) >
Carangidae (Jacks and pompanos) > Trachinotinae
Etymology: Trachinotus: Greek, trachys, -eia, -ys = rough + Greek,noton = back (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Cuvier.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecology
Marine; freshwater; brackish; pelagic-neritic. Tropical; 28°N - 7°S
Eastern Atlantic: Senegal to Gabon, including Cape Verde (Ref. 4225, 57392, 81654).
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm 29.0 range ? - 42 cm
Max length : 68.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 57392); common length : 35.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 26999); max. published weight: 7.9 kg (Ref. 3195)
Dorsal spines (total): 7; Dorsal soft rays (total): 19 - 21; Anal spines: 3; Anal soft rays: 16 - 18. Diagnosis: body short and deep (depth comprised 1.8-2.5 times in fork length)(Ref. 57392, 81654). Snout rounded; mouth small; maxillary reaching to below hind margin of pupil (Ref. 57392). No teeth on tongue (Ref. 81654). 2 dorsal fins, 1st with 6 spines, 2nd with 1 spine and 19-21 soft rays; anal fin with 2 short, detached spines followed by 1 spine and 16-18 soft rays (Ref. 57392, 81654). Soft dorsal (Ref. 57392, 81654) and anal fin lobes shorter than head (Ref. 57392). Pectoral fins short; scales small, cycloid and partially embedded in skin; lateral line very slightly arched over pectoral fins, without scutes (Ref. 57392). No distinct spots/dark blotches (Ref. 57392, 81654) or other colour marks on body (Ref. 57392).
Coloration: back bluish-grey or greenish, sides and ventrum silvery, without distinctive markings; fins dark; lobes of dorsal, anal and caudal fins darker to black (Ref. 57392, 81654).
Adults inhabit coastal waters (Ref. 2683). Enters brackish waters for reproduction and ascends rather far up the lower courses of rivers (Ref. 4225, 57392). Unique in spending the whole live cycle in myxohaline environment, without a marine phase; seasonality of recruitment seems to indicate that favourable conditions for reproduction and larval survival are limited to the dry season although sexual maturity occurs all year round (Ref. 81654). Feeds on fry and young shrimps up to 125 mm fork length, diet of larger specimens mainly malacophagous (bivalves), the shells of which are crushed with well-developed pharyngeal jaws (Ref. 81654). Also feeds on fish, shrimps and crabs (Ref. 28587). Maximum fork length recorded was 610 mm (Ref. 57392).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | Reproduction | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Larvae
Bauchot, M.-L., 2003. Carangidae. p. 464-483 In C. Lévêque, D. Paugy and G.G. Teugels (eds.) Faune des poissons d'eaux douce et saumâtres de l'Afrique de l'Ouest, Tome 2. Coll. Faune et Flore tropicales 40. Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgique, Museum National d'Histoire Naturalle, Paris, France and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Paris, France. 815 p. (Ref. 57392)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Fisheries: minor commercial; gamefish: yes
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 23.6 - 27.9, mean 26.6 °C (based on 64 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.02042 (0.00851 - 0.04901), b=2.84 (2.65 - 3.03), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 3.6 ±0.45 se; based on food items.
Resilience (Ref.
120179): Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (47 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 117 [52, 256] mg/100g; Iron = 1.39 [0.75, 3.00] mg/100g; Protein = 19 [17, 21] %; Omega3 = 0.2 [0.1, 0.4] g/100g; Selenium = 44.9 [20.3, 99.8] μg/100g; VitaminA = 9.36 [2.28, 33.15] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.06 [0.69, 1.66] mg/100g (wet weight);
