Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
पारिस्थितिकी
समुद्री; स्वच्छ जल, अलवण जल; खारा प्रवाल-भित्ति संयुक्त; गहराई सीमा 2 - 40 m (Ref. 58047), usually 5 - 30 m (Ref. 9710). Subtropical; 42°N - 26°S, 98°W - 14°W (Ref. 55232)
Western Atlantic: Massachusetts, USA to São Paulo, Brazil (Ref. 57756), including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea (Ref. 9626). Eastern Atlantic: St. Paul's Rocks and Ascension Island (Ref. 13121), Tinhosa Grande, south of Príncipe Island (L.A. Pereira (pers. comm.).
Length at first maturity / आकार / वज़न / Age
Maturity: Lm 32.4, range 31 - 36 cm
Max length : 128 cm TL पुल्लिंग / अलिंग; (Ref. 40637); common length : 60.0 cm TL पुल्लिंग / अलिंग; (Ref. 26938); अधिकतम प्रकाशित वज़न: 28.6 kg (Ref. 40637); अधिकतम सूचित उम्र: 33 वर्षो (Ref. 115050)
पृष्ठीय रीढ़ (सम्पूर्ण) : 10; पृष्ठीय सौफट रेज़ (सम्पूर्ण) : 14 - 15; गुदा कांटा: 3; ऐनल सौफट रेज़: 8. Preopercular notch and knob weak. One of the pairs of canines in upper jaw notably enlarged, visible even when mouth is closed. Pectoral fins long, reaching level of anus. Scale rows on back rising obliquely above lateral line. Presence of a triangular bar between lower edge of eye and rear of mouth. Back and upper sides olive brown with bronze tinge, sometimes with narrow pale bars; lower sides and belly light reddish with a copper tinge. Young with a horizontal blue line below eye which breaks into a row of spots in adults.
Adults are common around rocky or coral reefs. Young are found in estuaries and occasionally enters rivers. Feed mainly on fishes and benthic invertebrates, including shrimps, crabs, gastropods and cephalopods.
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | पुनरुत्पत्ति | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | लार्वा
Allen, G.R., 1985. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 6. Snappers of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of lutjanid species known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(6):208 p. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 55)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
Threat to humans
Reports of ciguatera poisoning (Ref. 55)
Human uses
मात्स्यिकी: व्यापारिक; जलजीवालय: सार्वजनिक लजीवालय
साधन
Special reports
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इंटरनेट स्रोत
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 23.2 - 28, mean 25.8 °C (based on 522 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01479 (0.01304 - 0.01678), b=2.97 (2.95 - 2.99), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 4.4 ±0.3 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 11.0 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
लौटाव (Ref.
120179): निम्न, न्यूनतम जनसंख्या दुगनी होने का समय 4.5 - 14 वर्ष। (K=0.10; tm=5.5).
Prior r = 0.28, 95% CL = 0.19 - 0.42, Based on 1 data-limited stock assessment.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High to very high vulnerability (66 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 11.5 [5.9, 19.1] mg/100g; Iron = 0.269 [0.156, 0.499] mg/100g; Protein = 19.6 [18.0, 20.9] %; Omega3 = 0.176 [0.097, 0.305] g/100g; Selenium = 28.8 [13.9, 56.2] μg/100g; VitaminA = 96.7 [15.9, 482.1] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.254 [0.176, 0.396] mg/100g (wet weight);
