Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecology
Marine; demersal; depth range 18 - 256 m (Ref. 2850). Subtropical; 39°N - 26°N, 124°W - 113°W
Eastern Central Pacific: San Francisco, California, USA to central Baja California, Mexico.
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm 9.0  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 25.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 9015); max. reported age: 12 years (Ref. 39247)
Short description
Identification keys | Morphology | Morphometrics
Adults occur on or near soft bottom (Ref. 2850). Viviparous, with planktonic larvae and pelagic juveniles (Ref. 36715).
Eschmeyer, W.N., E.S. Herald and H. Hammann, 1983. A field guide to Pacific coast fishes of North America. Boston (MA, USA): Houghton Mifflin Company. xii+336 p. (Ref. 2850)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
Human uses
Fisheries: commercial
Tools
Special reports
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Internet sources
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 9.7 - 14.8, mean 10.8 °C (based on 10 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01000 (0.00499 - 0.02004), b=3.09 (2.92 - 3.26), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 3.6 ±0.5 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
Resilience (Ref.
120179): Low, minimum population doubling time 4.5 - 14 years (tmax=12; tm=3).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (15 of 100).