Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecology
Marine; benthopelagic; depth range 50 - 600 m (Ref. 5217), usually 150 - 600 m (Ref. 5217). Deep-water; 41°N - 4°N
Western Atlantic: Canada to New York, USA and northern Gulf of Mexico to the Antilles (Ref. 26340) and French Guiana.
Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 29.4 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 39376); common length : 15.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 5217)
Found on soft bottoms (Ref. 5217).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | Reproduction | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Larvae
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Fisheries: minor commercial
Tools
Special reports
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Internet sources
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 7.9 - 20.6, mean 13.4 °C (based on 234 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5029 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00871 (0.00545 - 0.01393), b=3.10 (2.96 - 3.24), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 4.0 ±0.2 se; based on diet studies.
Resilience (Ref.
120179): Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (Assuming tmax>4).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (19 of 100).