Family Sphyraenidae - Barracudas | ||||
Order | : | Carangaria/misc | ||
Class | : | Teleostei | ||
No. in FishBase | : | Genera : 1 | Species : 29 Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes | ||
Environment | : | Fresh : No | Brackish : Yes | Marine : Yes | ||
Division | : | Marine | ||
Aquarium | : | none | ||
First Fossil Record | : | lower Tertiary lower Eocene | Ref. Berg, L.S. 1958 | |
Remark | : | Tropical and subtropical. Distribution: Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. Elongated body. Large-mouthed with the lower jaw projecting forward bearing strong fanglike teeth. Upper jaw non-protractile, an adaptation to feeding on large prey. Well-developed lateral line. Gill rakers vestigial. Position of pectoral fins relatively low. Dorsal fins far apart. First dorsal fin with 5 spines; second dorsal with 1 spine and 9 soft rays. Vertebrae 24 (11+13). Usually to 1.8 m maximum length; could grow longer. Voracious predators of other fishes. Attacks on humans have been reported. Pelagic spawning in schools. Food and game fishes, but large specimens may be ciguatoxic. | ||
Etymology | : | Greek, sphyraina = a fish similar to an iron pin, a pike like fish, 1849 ( Ref. 45335). | ||
Reproductive guild | : | nonguarders | ||
Typical activity level | : | active | ||
Main Ref. | : | Nelson, J.S. 1984 | ||
Coordinator | : | |||
Deep Fin Classification | : | Osteichthyes | Actinopterygii | Actinopteri | Neopterygii | Teleostei | Osteoglossocephalai | Clupeocephala | Euteleosteomorpha | Neoteleostei | Eurypterygia | Ctenosquamata | Acanthomorphata | Acanthopterygii | Percomorphaceae | Carangaria | | | incertae | | | Sphyraenidae |
Important recommendation:
The list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions, which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist.
Rather, it reflects the current content of FishBase, and the progress with respect to synchronization with the Catalog of Fishes. However, we think it can be useful for users to assess the quality of information in FishBase, to start new work on the family, or to cross-check with other lists.
But we appreciate to be cited in publications when this list has been of any working value. In particular, for published scientific, we suggest then to cite it in the Material and Method section as a useful tool to conduct the research, but again, not as a taxonomic or nomenclatural authority reference.
Unless it is explicitly precised, the list is not complete, please search all original names published for the family in the Catalog of Fishes (genera, species), including those with uncertain or unknown status, that are not included in FishBase when they are not attached to a valid species.
This list uses some data from Catalog of Fishes (not shown but used to sort names).
The list ordered as follows:
Please send comments and corrections if you detect errors or missing names.
Scientifc name | Status | Senior/Junior synonym | Combination |
---|---|---|---|
Sphyraena sphyraena (Linnaeus, 1758) | accepted | senior | new |
Esox sphyraena Linnaeus, 1758 | synonym | senior | original |
Esox spet Haüy, 1787 | synonym | other | original |
Sphyraena spet Lacepède, 1803 | synonym | junior | original |
Sphyraena vulgaris Cuvier, 1829 | synonym | junior | original |
Sphyraena bocagei Osório, 1891 | synonym | junior | original |
Sphyraena sphyraena bocagei Osório, 1891 | synonym | junior | change in rank |
Sphyraena guachancho (non Cuvier, 1829) | misapplied | misapplied | original |
Sphyraena barracuda (Edwards, 1771) | accepted | senior | new |
Esox barracuda Edwards, 1771 | synonym | senior | original |
Esox barracuda Walbaum, 1792 | ambiguous | homonym | original |
Agrioposphyraena barracuda (Walbaum, 1792) | ambiguous | homonym | new |
Sphyraena barracuda (Walbaum, 1792) | ambiguous | homonym | new |
! Sphyraena baracuda (Walbaum, 1792) | ambiguous | homonym | new |
! Syphyraena barracuda (Walbaum, 1792) | ambiguous | homonym | new |
Sphyraena sphyraena picuda Bloch & Schneider, 1801 | synonym | junior | original |
Sphyraena picuda Bloch & Schneider, 1801 | synonym | junior | change in rank |
Sphyraena becuna Lacepède, 1803 | synonym | junior | original |
Sphyraena commersonii Cuvier, 1829 | synonym | junior | original |
! Sphyraena commersoni Cuvier, 1829 | synonym | junior | original |
Sphyraena dussumieri Valenciennes, 1831 | synonym | junior | original |
Sphyraena japonica Bloch & Schneider, 1801 | accepted | senior | original |
Sphyraena japonica Cuvier, 1829 | ambiguous | homonym | original |
Sphyraena forsteri Cuvier, 1829 | accepted | senior | original |
! Sphyraena forsteni Cuvier, 1829 | synonym | senior | original |
Sphyraena toxeuma Fowler, 1904 | synonym | junior | original |
Callosphyraena toxeuma (Fowler, 1904) | synonym | junior | new |
Sphyraena guachancho Cuvier, 1829 | accepted | senior | original |
! Sphyraena guachanche Cuvier, 1829 | synonym | senior | original |
! Sphyraena guaguancho Cuvier, 1829 | synonym | senior | original |
Sphyraena dubia Bleeker, 1863 | synonym | junior | original |
Sphyraena guentheri Haly, 1875 | synonym | junior | original |
Sphyraena jello Cuvier, 1829 | accepted | senior | original |
! Sphyraena jelio Cuvier, 1829 | synonym | senior | original |
Sphyraena permisca Smith, 1956 | synonym | junior | original |
Sphyraena japonica (non Cuvier, 1829) | misapplied | misapplied | original |
Sphyraena qenie (non Klunzinger, 1870) | misapplied | misapplied | original |
Sphyraena obtusata Cuvier, 1829 | accepted | senior | original |
! Sphyraena obtusa Cuvier, 1829 | synonym | senior | original |
Sphyraena chinensis Lacepède, 1803 | synonym | junior | original |
Sphyraena brachygnathos Bleeker, 1855 | synonym | junior | original |
! Sphyraena brachygnathus Bleeker, 1855 | synonym | junior | original |
Sphyraena pinguis (non Günther, 1874) | misapplied | misapplied | original |
Sphyraena chrysotaenia (non Klunzinger, 1884) | misapplied | misapplied | original |
Sphyraenella chrysotaenia (non Klunzinger, 1884) | misapplied | misapplied | new |
Sphyraena viridensis Cuvier, 1829 | accepted | senior | original |
! Sphyraena viridiscens Cuvier, 1829 | synonym | senior | original |
Sphyraena viridensis mediterranea Relini & Orsi Relini, 1997 | synonym | other | original |
Sphyraena vulgaris (non Cuvier, 1829) | misapplied | misapplied | original |
Sphyraena flavicauda Rüppell, 1838 | accepted | senior | original |
Sphyraenella flavicauda (Rüppell, 1838) | synonym | senior | new |
Sphyraena langsar Bleeker, 1855 | synonym | junior | original |
Sphyraena forsteri (non Cuvier, 1829) | misapplied | misapplied | original |
Sphyraena obtusata (non Cuvier, 1829) | misapplied | misapplied | original |
Sphyraena chrysotaenia (non Klunzinger, 1884) | misapplied | misapplied | original |
Sphyraena borealis DeKay, 1842 | accepted | senior | original |
Sphyraena afra Peters, 1844 | accepted | senior | original |
Sphyraena hupferi Fischer, 1885 | synonym | junior | original |
Sphyraena piscatorum Cadenat, 1964 | synonym | junior | original |
Sphyraena guachancho (non Cuvier, 1829) | misapplied | misapplied | original |
Sphyraena jello (non Cuvier, 1829) | misapplied | misapplied | original |
Sphyraena dubia (non Bleeker, 1863) | misapplied | misapplied | original |
Sphyraena argentea Girard, 1854 | accepted | senior | original |
Sphyraena novaehollandiae Günther, 1860 | accepted | senior | original |
Australuzza novaehollandiae (Günther, 1860) | synonym | senior | new |
! Sphyraena novaehollandia Günther, 1860 | synonym | senior | original |
! Sphyraena novaehollandie Günther, 1860 | synonym | senior | original |
! Sphyraena uoraebolandiae Günther, 1860 | synonym | senior | original |
Sphyraena picudilla Poey, 1860 | accepted | senior | original |
! Sphyraema picudilla Poey, 1860 | synonym | senior | original |
Sphyraena lucasana Gill, 1863 | accepted | senior | original |
Sphyraena qenie Klunzinger, 1870 | accepted | senior | original |
! Sphyraena genie Klunzinger, 1870 | synonym | senior | original |
Sphyraena nigripinnis Temminck & Schlegel, 1843 | ambiguous | questionable | original |
Sphyraena tessera Smith, 1956 | synonym | junior | original |
Sphyraena putnamiae (non Jordan & Seale, 1905) | misapplied | misapplied | original |
Sphyraena pinguis Günther, 1874 | accepted | senior | original |
Sphyraena acutipinnis Day, 1876 | accepted | senior | original |
Sphyraena africana Gilchrist & Thompson, 1909 | synonym | junior | original |
Indosphyraena africana (Gilchrist & Thompson, 1909) | synonym | junior | new |
Sphyraena natalensis von Bonde, 1923 | synonym | junior | original |
Sphyraena japonica (non Cuvier, 1829) | misapplied | misapplied | original |
Sphyraena helleri (non Jenkins, 1901) | misapplied | misapplied | original |
Sphyraena ensis Jordan & Gilbert, 1882 | accepted | senior | original |
Sphyraena chrysotaenia Klunzinger, 1884 | accepted | senior | original |
Sphyraenella chrysotaenia (Klunzinger, 1884) | synonym | senior | new |
Sphyraena obtusata (non Cuvier, 1829) | misapplied | misapplied | original |
Sphyraena helleri Jenkins, 1901 | accepted | senior | original |
Sphyraena novaehollandiae (non Günther, 1860) | misapplied | misapplied | original |
Sphyraena idiastes Heller & Snodgrass, 1903 | accepted | senior | original |
Sphyraena tome Fowler, 1903 | accepted | senior | original |
Sphyraena putnamae Jordan & Seale, 1905 | accepted | senior | original |
! Sphyraena putnamiae Jordan & Seale, 1905 | synonym | senior | original |
! Sphyraena putnamie Jordan & Seale, 1905 | synonym | senior | original |
Sphyraena raghava Chaudhuri, 1917 | synonym | junior | original |
Sphyraena bleekeri Williams, 1959 | synonym | junior | original |
Sphyraena jello (non Cuvier, 1829) | misapplied | misapplied | original |
Sphyraena qenie (non Klunzinger, 1870) | misapplied | misapplied | original |
Sphyraena waitii Ogilby, 1908 | accepted | senior | original |
! Sphyraena waitei Ogilby, 1908 | synonym | senior | original |
! Sphyraena waiteii Ogilby, 1908 | synonym | senior | original |
! Sphyraena waittei Ogilby, 1908 | synonym | senior | original |
Sphyraena iburiensis Doiuchi & Nakabo, 2005 | accepted | senior | original |
Sphyraena intermedia Pastore, 2009 | accepted | senior | original |
Sphyraena arabiansis Abdussamad & Retheesh, 2015 | accepted | senior | original |
Sphyraena stellata Morishita & Motomura, 2020 | accepted | senior | original |
Sphyraena novaehollandiae (non Günther, 1860) | misapplied | misapplied | original |
Sphyraena helleri (non Jenkins, 1901) | misapplied | misapplied | original |
Sphyraena africana (non Gilchrist & Thompson, 1909) | misapplied | misapplied | original |