Valencia robertae can be diagnosed from V. letourneuxi by having short lateral bars or small vertically elongated blotches along flanks in females (vs. lateral bars or blotches absent) and an almost triangular anal fin with straight posterior margin (vs. anal fin almost rounded, posterior margin convex) and anal fin depth, measured from anal-fin origin to tip of third branched ray, 1.4-1.5 times in caudal peduncle depth (vs. 1.2-1.3). Males of V. robertae are distinguished by having the following characters; prominent bars on flank between the axial blotch and the base of the caudal fin (vs. bars absent or very faint anterior to vertical of pelvic-fin origin); neck and back bluish brown (vs. yellowish); and a long anal fin, reaching to or almost to the base of the caudal fin in individuals longer than 3.0 cm SL (vs. to middle of caudal peduncle). It differs from V. hispanica by having a hyaline to bluish caudal fin (vs. yellow to orange) with a bold black posterior margin in males (vs. reddish-brown) (Ref. 95526).