| Main Ref. | Malabarba, L.R., V.A. Bertaco, F.R. Carvalho and T.O. Litz, 2012 |
| Appearance refers to | |
| Bones in OsteoBase |
| Specialized organs | |
| Different appearance | |
| Different colors | |
| Remarks | Mature males with small bony hooks on all rayed fins (vs. absent in females); pectoral-fin tip reaching pelvic-fin origin in males but not in females; pelvic-fin tip surpass anal-fin origin in males but not in females; males with nearly straight anal-fin (vs. smoothly concave in females). Gill glands were not found on first gill arch on both mature males and females (Ref. 89798). |
| Striking features | |
| Body shape lateral | short and / or deep |
| Cross section | |
| Dorsal head profile | |
| Type of eyes | |
| Type of mouth/snout | |
| Position of mouth | terminal |
| Type of scales | cycloid scales |
| Diagnosis |
Can be diagnosed by the following apomorphies: foramen in posterior region of metapterygoid forms an incomplete arch, bordered posteriorly by the hyomandibula; pectoral-fin rays bearing hooks; posterior margin of second infraorbital posteroventrally oblique and second infraorbital ventrally bordering anterior region of third infraorbital; fourth infraorbital more developed longitudinally than dorsoventrally; ascending process of premaxilla reaching just anterior end of nasal; and lateral line interrupted. Further distinguished from several characids by having 6-11 maxillary teeth and longitudinal, wavy stripes laterally on body in larger specimens (Ref. 89798). Description: Anal-fin rays iii-v,19-26; 4-6 scale rows between lateral line and pelvic-fin origin; 32-36 longitudinal scale series including pored scales (Ref. 89798). |
| Ease of Identification |
| Lateral Lines | Interrupted: No |
| Scales on lateral line | |
| Pored lateral line scales | 5 - 9 |
| Scales in lateral series | |
| Scale rows above lateral line | 6 - 7 |
| Scale rows below lateral line | |
| Scales around caudal peduncle | 14 - 14 |
| Barbels | |
| Gill clefts (sharks/rays only) | |
| Gill rakers | |
| on lower limb | 9 - 11 |
| on upper limb | 5 - 6 |
| total | |
| Vertebrae | |
| preanal | 16 - 17 |
| total | 33 - 34 |
| Attributes | no striking attributes |
| Fins number | |
| Finlets No. | Dorsal |
| Ventral | |
| Spines total | |
| Soft-rays total | 10 - 12 |
| Adipose fin | present |
| Attributes | forked |
| Fins number | |
| Spines total | |
| Soft-rays total |
| Pectoral | Attributes more or less normal |
| Spines | |
| Soft-rays 11 - 13 | |
| Pelvics | Attributes more or less normal |
| Position abdominal before origin of D1 | |
| Spines | |
| Soft-rays 7 - 8 |