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Parophrys vetulus Girard, 1854

English sole
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Native range | All suitable habitat | Point map | Year 2050
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Parophrys vetulus   AquaMaps   Data sources: GBIF OBIS
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Image of Parophrys vetulus (English sole)
Parophrys vetulus
Picture by Redman, M.T.


United States (contiguous states) country information

Common names: English sole, English sole
Occurrence: native
Salinity: marine
Abundance: | Ref:
Importance: | Ref:
Aquaculture: | Ref:
Regulations: | Ref:
Uses: no uses
Comments: In range Ref. 6885.
National Checklist:
Country Information: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html
National Fisheries Authority: http://www.nmfs.gov
Occurrences: Occurrences Point map
Main Ref: Eschmeyer, W.N., E.S. Herald and H. Hammann, 1983
National Database:

Common names from other countries

Classification / Names Κοινά ονόματα | Συνώνυμα | Catalog of Fishes(Γένος, Είδη) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

> Pleuronectiformes (Flatfishes) > Pleuronectidae (Righteye flounders) > Pleuronectinae
Etymology:   More on author: Girard.

Issue
Hybridizes with Platichthys stellatus - the hybrid, called Inopsetta ischyra, may be found from the Bering Sea to San Francisco, California, USA.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Οικολογία

Θαλασσινό(ά) βενθικό(ς); ωκεανόδρομο(ς) (Ref. 51243); εύρος βάθους 0 - 550 m (Ref. 6793).   Temperate; 61°N - 28°N, 163°E - 114°W

Κατανομή Χώρες | Περιοχές FAO | Οικοσυστήματα | Παρουσίες | Point map | Εισαγωγές | Faunafri

Eastern Pacific: from Russia to Agattu Island, north to Nunivak Island, Alaska, then South to Mexico, Baja California, Mexico.

Length at first maturity / Μέγεθος / Βάρος / Age

Maturity: Lm 31.0, range 30 - 32 cm
Max length : 49.0 cm TL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 6885); 57.0 cm TL (female); common length : 33.0 cm TL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 56527); μεγ. δημοσιευμένο βάρος: 1.5 kg (Ref. 56527); μεγ. αναφερόμενη ηλικία: 22 έτη (Ref. 55701)

Short description Κλείδες προσδιορισμού | Μορφολογία | Μορφομετρία

Ραχιαίες άκανθες (συνολικά) : 0; Μαλακές ραχιαίες ακτίνες (συνολικά) : 72 - 92; Εδρικές άκανθες: 0; Μαλακές εδρικές ακτίνες: 45 - 70; Σπόνδυλοι: 41 - 44. Dorsal origin above middle of upper eye. Pectorals inclined to be pointed.

Βιολογία     Γλωσσάρι (π.χ. epibenthic)

Adults inhabit sand and mud bottoms (Ref. 4925). Young occur in intertidal areas. Feed on small crustaceans, marine worms, brittle stars and small mollusks (Ref. 6885). Spawning adults make extensive migrations (Ref. 6885).

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturities | Αναπαραγωγή | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Προνύμφες

Main reference Upload your references | Αναφορές | Συντονιστής : Amaoka, Kunio | Συνεργάτες

Vinnikov, K.A., R.C. Thomson and T.A. Munroe, 2018. Revised classification of the righteye flounders (Teleostei: Pleuronectidae) based on multilocus phylogeny with complete taxon sampling. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 125:147-162. (Ref. 122998)

IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)

  Least Concern (LC) ; Date assessed: 17 September 2020

CITES (Ref. 128078)

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Threat to humans

  Harmless




Human uses

αλιεία: Εμπορικό(ά); αλιεία αναψυχής: ναί

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Διαδικτυακές πηγές

Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 115969): 3.4 - 8.3, mean 5.6 (based on 245 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804):  PD50 = 1.0000   [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00575 (0.00358 - 0.00924), b=3.03 (2.89 - 3.17), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref. 93245).
Τροφικό Επίπεδο (Ref. 69278):  3.4   ±0.46 se; based on food items.
Ελαστικότητα (Ref. 120179):  Μεσαίο(α), ελάχιστος χρόνος για διπλασιασμό πληθυσμού 1,4 - 4,4 έτη (tm=3; tmax=22; K=0.24; Fec=150,000).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153):  Moderate vulnerability (43 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref. 125649):  Low to moderate vulnerability (27 of 100).
Price category (Ref. 80766):   High.