Found on continental and insular shelves and upper slopes, ranging from shallow inshore waters and the intertidal to 200 m, occasionally down to 579 m (Ref. 244). Occasionally found in freshwater. It is doubtful that this species can live in fresh water for an extended period of time (Ref. 244). Active swimmer and bottom feeder (Ref. 27549). Swims in packs or schools (Ref. 27549). Feeds on large crustaceans, mainly crabs, but also heavily on lobsters (Homarus) (Ref. 244). Probably non-territorial. Off the Atlantic coast of the USA, this species is migratory (Ref. 244). Viviparous (with a yolk-sac placenta), with 4 to 20 young in a litter. Longevity given as 7 years (Ref. 775) but appears too low. Utilized fresh, dried-salted, and smoked (Ref. 9987).
栖息于大陆架与岛屿棚与被范围从沿岸浅水区水域与潮间带到 200 公尺的上层斜坡了, 偶然地向下至 579 公尺.(参考文献 244) 偶然地发现于淡水了。 它是可疑的这种能生活于淡水一长段时间.(参考文献 244) 吃大的甲壳动物, 主要地螃蟹, 也经常捕食龙虾 ( Homarus).(参考文献 244) 可能非领域性。 美国的大西洋海岸外, 这种是回游的.(参考文献 244) 胎生的 (具有一个卵黄囊胎盘), 有四个到 20 幼鱼在一胎。 寿命被估为 7 年 (参考文献 775) 但是显得太低的。 生鲜使用，乾燥盐腌, 而且烟熏.(参考文献 9987)
Preferred temperature (Ref.
115969): 7.8 - 27.5, mean 22.4 (based on 1206 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00195 (0.00165 - 0.00231), b=3.13 (3.08 - 3.18), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 3.6 ±0.2 se; based on diet studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增时间4.5 - 14 年 (K=0.04-0.43; tm=2-5; tmax=7; Fec= 4-20).
Prior r = 0.16, 95% CL = 0.11 - 0.24, Based on 1 full stock assessment.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (53 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High vulnerability (62 of 100).
