Found on continental and insular shelves and upper slopes, ranging from shallow inshore waters and the intertidal to 200 m, occasionally down to 579 m (Ref. 244). Occasionally found in freshwater. It is doubtful that this species can live in fresh water for an extended period of time (Ref. 244). Active swimmer and bottom feeder (Ref. 27549). Swims in packs or schools (Ref. 27549). Feeds on large crustaceans, mainly crabs, but also heavily on lobsters (Homarus) (Ref. 244). Probably non-territorial. Off the Atlantic coast of the USA, this species is migratory (Ref. 244). Viviparous (with a yolk-sac placenta), with 4 to 20 young in a litter. Longevity given as 7 years (Ref. 775) but appears too low. Utilized fresh, dried-salted, and smoked (Ref. 9987).
棲息於大陸棚與島嶼棚與被範圍從沿岸淺水區水域與潮間帶到 200 公尺的上層斜坡了, 偶然地向下至 579 公尺.(參考文獻 244) 偶然地發現於淡水了。 它是可疑的這種能生活於淡水一長段時間.(參考文獻 244) 吃大的甲殼動物, 主要地螃蟹, 也經常捕食龍蝦 ( Homarus).(參考文獻 244) 可能非領域性。 美國的大西洋海岸外, 這種是迴游的.(參考文獻 244) 胎生的 (具有一個卵黃囊胎盤), 有四個到 20 幼魚在一胎。 壽命被估為 7 年 (參考文獻 775) 但是顯得太低的。 生鮮使用，乾燥鹽醃, 而且煙燻.(參考文獻 9987)
Preferred temperature (Ref.
115969): 7.8 - 27.5, mean 22.4 (based on 1206 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00195 (0.00165 - 0.00231), b=3.13 (3.08 - 3.18), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.6 ±0.2 se; based on diet studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增時間4.5 - 14 年 (K=0.04-0.43; tm=2-5; tmax=7; Fec= 4-20).
Prior r = 0.16, 95% CL = 0.11 - 0.24, Based on 1 full stock assessment.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (53 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High vulnerability (62 of 100).
