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| Native range | All suitable habitat | Point map | Year 2050 |
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| This map was computer-generated and has not yet been reviewed. |
| Sciaena umbra AquaMaps Data sources: GBIF OBIS |
Türkiye country information
Common names:
Eşkina, Eşkine balığı, Iskine
Occurrence: native
Salinity: brackish
Abundance: | Ref:
Importance: | Ref:
Aquaculture: | Ref:
Regulations: protected | Ref: Fricke, R., M. Bilecenoglu and H.M. Sari, 2007
Uses: no uses
Comments: Occurs in fresh, brackish and marine waters. Known from the Black Sea, Sea of Marmara, Aegean Sea and its watersheds, Mediterranean Sea, European Black Sea watersheds, European Mediterranean Sea watersheds, Anatolian Mediterranean Sea watersheds, Anatolian Black Sea watersheds and Asi Nehri/Orontes watershed (Ref. 58342). Found in central coast of Black Sea (Sinop and Samsun vicinity) (Ref. 88083). Threatened by commercial fishing and eutrophication/pollution. Collection of this species is forbidden (Ref. 58342). Also Ref. 4780, 57855. Status of threat: Vulnerable (Ref. 58342).
National Checklist:
Country Information: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/tu.html
National Fisheries Authority:
Occurrences: Occurrences Point map
Main Ref: Fricke, R., M. Bilecenoglu and H.M. Sari, 2007
National Database: CLOMFOT
Occurrence: native
Salinity: brackish
Abundance: | Ref:
Importance: | Ref:
Aquaculture: | Ref:
Regulations: protected | Ref: Fricke, R., M. Bilecenoglu and H.M. Sari, 2007
Uses: no uses
Comments: Occurs in fresh, brackish and marine waters. Known from the Black Sea, Sea of Marmara, Aegean Sea and its watersheds, Mediterranean Sea, European Black Sea watersheds, European Mediterranean Sea watersheds, Anatolian Mediterranean Sea watersheds, Anatolian Black Sea watersheds and Asi Nehri/Orontes watershed (Ref. 58342). Found in central coast of Black Sea (Sinop and Samsun vicinity) (Ref. 88083). Threatened by commercial fishing and eutrophication/pollution. Collection of this species is forbidden (Ref. 58342). Also Ref. 4780, 57855. Status of threat: Vulnerable (Ref. 58342).
National Checklist:
Country Information: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/tu.html
National Fisheries Authority:
Occurrences: Occurrences Point map
Main Ref: Fricke, R., M. Bilecenoglu and H.M. Sari, 2007
National Database: CLOMFOT
Common names from other countries
分类 / Names 俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Teleostei > Eupercaria/misc (Various families in series Eupercaria) 鱸形目 (Various families in series Eupercaria) > Sciaenidae (Drums or croakers) 石首魚科 (Drums or croakers)
Etymology: Sciaena: Greek, skiaina, skion = a fish, red mullet (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.
Etymology: Sciaena: Greek, skiaina, skion = a fish, red mullet (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range 生态学
海洋; 半咸淡水 居于水底的; 深度上下限 1 - 200 m (Ref. 9505). 亞熱帶的; 51°N - 13°N, 19°W - 42°E
分布 国家 | FAO区域 | 生态系 | 标本纪录 | Point map | 简介 | Faunafri
Eastern Atlantic: Southern Bay of Biscay to Mauritania, occasionally southwards to Senegal. Also throughout the Mediterranean and Black seas. Records from Ghana (Ref. 6810) and Gabon (Ref. 5516) are questionable. Two records in Belgium were actually for Micropogonias undulatus (Linnaeus, 1766) (Ref. 117298). The record off Wimereux is a misinterpretation during data entry mistake from the the Müller (2004, Ref. YYY) (Bailly, pers. comm., March 2018).
東大西洋: 英倫海峽到茅利塔尼亞,偶然地向南至塞內加爾。 也在地中海與黑海各處。 來自迦納 (參考文獻 6810) 的紀錄與加彭 (參考文獻 5516) 是可疑的。
東大西洋: 英倫海峽到茅利塔尼亞,偶然地向南至塞內加爾。 也在地中海與黑海各處。 來自迦納 (參考文獻 6810) 的紀錄與加彭 (參考文獻 5516) 是可疑的。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 23.5 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 70.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 3397); common length : 28.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 3397); 最大年龄: 21 年 (Ref. 9505)
Max length : 70.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 3397); common length : 28.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 3397); 最大年龄: 21 年 (Ref. 9505)
简单描述 检索表 | 型态特徵 | 形态测量图
背棘 (总数) : 11; 背的软条 (总数) : 23 - 25; 臀棘: 2; 臀鳍软条: 7 - 8.
Occurs in shallow coastal waters mainly on rocky and sandy bottoms, often entering estuaries and more active at night. Also inhabits caves and reefs (Ref. 9987). Feeds on small fishes and crustaceans (Ref. 4780). SCUBA diving observations suggest this to be a very calm fish with remarkable buoyancy control and an ability to move without much apparent effort (Ref. 9505). Marketed fresh and frozen; in Turkey, otoliths are ground to a powder and used as remedy for urinary tract infections (Ref. 9987).
出现于沿岸浅水区主要在岩质与砂质底部上, 时常进入河口与更活跃的在晚上。 也居住于洞穴与礁。 (参考文献 9987) 吃小鱼与甲壳动物。 (参考文献 4780) 潜水观察意味着这是非常安静的鱼具有显着的浮力控制，而且一种能力移动而不须要多明显的努力。 (参考文献 9505) 在市场上销售生鲜和冷冻; 在土耳其，耳石是沈淀成粉末而且用作了疗法用来治疗尿道发炎.(参考文献 9987)
出现于沿岸浅水区主要在岩质与砂质底部上, 时常进入河口与更活跃的在晚上。 也居住于洞穴与礁。 (参考文献 9987) 吃小鱼与甲壳动物。 (参考文献 4780) 潜水观察意味着这是非常安静的鱼具有显着的浮力控制，而且一种能力移动而不须要多明显的努力。 (参考文献 9505) 在市场上销售生鲜和冷冻; 在土耳其，耳石是沈淀成粉末而且用作了疗法用来治疗尿道发炎.(参考文献 9987)
Life cycle and mating behavior 成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
東大西洋: 英倫海峽到茅利塔尼亞,偶然地向南至塞內加爾。 也在地中海與黑海各處。 來自迦納 (參考文獻 6810) 的紀錄與加彭 (參考文獻 5516) 是可疑的。
主要参考文献
Upload your references | 参考文献 | 合作者 | 合作者
Chao, L.N. and E. Trewavas, 1990. Sciaenidae. p. 813-826. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 3593)
对人类的威胁
无害处的
人类利用
渔业: 商业性
FAO(渔业: 产生; publication : search) | FishSource | 周边海洋
更多信息
Population dynamics
成长参数
Max. ages / sizes
Length-weight rel.
Length-length rel.
体长-频率
Mass conversion
入添量
丰度
成长参数
Max. ages / sizes
Length-weight rel.
Length-length rel.
体长-频率
Mass conversion
入添量
丰度
Anatomy
鳃区
Brain
Otolith
鳃区
Brain
Otolith
Physiology
Body composition
Nutrients
耗氧量
游泳类型
游泳速度
Visual pigments
Fish sound
Diseases & Parasites
Toxicity (LC50s)
Body composition
Nutrients
耗氧量
游泳类型
游泳速度
Visual pigments
Fish sound
Diseases & Parasites
Toxicity (LC50s)
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特别资料
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网络资源
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref. 115969): 12.8 - 19.6, mean 15.3 (based on 215 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804): PD50 = 0.5625 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00851 (0.00773 - 0.00937), b=3.08 (3.06 - 3.10), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245).
营养阶层 (Ref. 69278): 3.8 ±0.5 se; based on diet studies.
回复力 (Ref. 120179): 中等的, 族群倍增时间最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.19; tm=3; tmax=21).
Prior r = 0.59, 95% CL = 0.39 - 0.88, Based on 1 data-limited stock assessment.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (46 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref. 125649): High vulnerability (62 of 100).