Netherlands country information

Common names: Tonijn
Occurrence: native
Salinity: marine
Abundance: scarce (very unlikely) | Ref: Nijssen, H. and S.J. de Groot, 1974
Importance: | Ref:
Aquaculture: | Ref:
Regulations: | Ref:
Uses: no uses
Comments:
National Checklist:
Country Information: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/nl.html
National Fisheries Authority:
Occurrences: Occurrences Point map
Main Ref: Collette, B.B. and C.E. Nauen, 1983
National Database:

Common names from other countries

Thon rouge de l'Atlantique, Atún rojo del Atlántico, تونة حمراء أطلسيَّة, ... more

Classification / Names Tên thường gặp | Các synonym ( Các tên trùng) | Catalog of Fishes(Giống, Các loài) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

> Scombriformes (Mackerels) > Scombridae (Mackerels, tunas, bonitos) > Scombrinae
Etymology: Thunnus: Greek, thynnos = tunna (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Sinh thái học

Biển; Thuộc về nước lợ; Ở đại duơng, biển (Ref. 51243); Mức độ sâu 0 - 985 m (Ref. 55291), usually 0 - 100 m. Subtropical; 3°C - 30°C (Ref. 88796); 69°N - 58°S, 99°W - 42°E

Sự phân bố Các nước | Các khu vực của FAO | Các hệ sinh thái | Những lần xuất hiện | Point map | Những chỉ dẫn | Faunafri

Western Atlantic: Labrador and Newfoundland to Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean Sea to Venezuela and Brazil. Eastern Atlantic: Lofoten Islands off Norway to Canary Islands, including the Mediterranean and the southern part of the Black Sea (Ref. 6769). Reported from Mauritania (Ref. 5377). There is a subpopulation off South Africa. Highly migratory species.

Length at first maturity / Bộ gần gũi / Khối lượng (Trọng lượng) / Age

Maturity: L_m 103.5, range 97 - 110 cm
Max length : 458 cm TL con đực/không giới tính; (Ref. 26340); common length : 200 cm FL con đực/không giới tính; (Ref. 168); Khối lượng cực đại được công bố: 684.0 kg (Ref. 26340); Tuổi cực đại được báo cáo: 32 các năm (Ref. 5810)

Short description Khóa để định loại | Hình thái học | Sinh trắc học

Các tia vây lưng cứng (tổng cộng) : 12 - 14; Các vây lưng mềm (tổng cộng) : 13 - 15; Tia cứng vây hậu môn: 0; Tia mềm vây hậu môn: 13 - 16; Động vật có xương sống: 39. A very large species, deepest near the middle of the first dorsal fin base. The second dorsal fin higher than the first; the pectoral fins are very short, less than 80% of head length. Swim bladder present. Lower sides and belly silvery white with colorless transverse lines alternated with rows of colorless dots. The first dorsal fin is yellow or bluish; the second reddish-brown; the anal fin and finlets dusky yellow and edged with black; the median caudal keel is black in adults. May be confused with several other tunas, these are typically much smaller and easily distinguished by specific patterns of stripes, bands or dots.

Oceanic but seasonally coming close to shore. They school by size, sometimes together with albacore, yellowfin, bigeye, skipjack etc. Visual predators (Ref. 88866) preying on small schooling fishes (anchovies, sauries, hakes) or on squids and red crabs. Live up to 40 years in the western Atlantic (Ref. 88822). Weight up to 900 kg (Ref. 88823). Eggs and larvae are pelagic (Ref. 6769). Juvenile growth is rapid (about 30 cm / year) but slower than in other tuna and billfish species (Ref. 88867). Adult growth is considerably slower, with about 10 years needed to reach two thirds of maximum length. Become rare because of massive overfishing (Ref. 35388).

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturities | Sự tái sinh sản | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Ấu trùng

Oviparous batch spawner, with an inter-spawning interval of 1-2 days in the Mediterranean Sea (Ref. 88871). Females larger than 205 cm fork length are estimated to have a mean fecundity of 30-60 and 13-15 million eggs, in the western and eastern Atlantic respectively (Ref. 40805, Ref. 88871). Spawning occurs when sea surface temperatures are between 22.6-27.5 ºC and 22.5-25.5 ºC in the Gulf of Mexico and Mediterranean Sea respectively (88868). Spawning occurs between June and August in the Mediterranean Sea (Ref. 88868). Eggs are released directly to the water column and hatch after 2 days (Ref. 88823). At 24°C, embryo development lasts about 32 hours and larval stages about 30 days. Egg size 1.0 mm, larval length at hatching 2.8 mm. Spawning grounds are mainly known from the Gulf of Mexico and the Mediterranean Sea, but the presence of mature individuals and larvae far from these areas (e.g. Bahamas and central North Atlantic Ocean) suggest that other spawning grounds may also be utilized (Ref. 88873, Ref. 88874, Ref. 88872). Appears to display homing behaviour with (western-tagged individuals migrating back to specific spawning sites either in the Gulf of Mexico or the Mediterranean Sea) (Ref. 88872, Ref. 88870). Fidelity to natal areas seem to occur once individuals reach maturity, i.e. after returning to either the western or eastern spawning grounds (Ref. 88868).

Main reference Upload your references | Các tài liệu tham khảo | Người điều phối : Collette, Bruce B. | Người cộng tác

Collette, B.B., 1999. Mackerels, molecules, and morphology. p. 149-164. In B. Séret and J.-Y. Sire (eds.) Proc. 5th Indo-Pac. Fish Conf., Noumea, Paris. (Ref. 33246)

IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)

Least Concern (LC) ; Date assessed: 15 January 2021

CITES (Ref. 128078)

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Threat to humans

Harmless

Human uses

Các nghề cá: Tính thương mại; Nuôi trồng thủy sản: Tính thương mại; cá để chơi: đúng

FAO(Aquaculture systems: Sản xuất; Các nghề cá: Sản xuất, species profile; publication : search) | FIRMS (Stock assessments) | FishSource | Biển chung quanh ta

Thêm thông tin

Trophic ecology
Các loại thức ăn
Diet compositions
Food consumptions
Food rations
Các động vật ăn mồi

Ecology
Sinh thái học
Home ranges

Population dynamics
Growths
Max. ages / sizes
Length-weight rel.
Length-length rel.
Length-frequencies
Mass conversions
Recruitments
Abundances

Life cycle
Sự tái sinh sản
Maturities
Fecundities
Spawnings
Spawning aggregations
Egg(s)
Egg developments
Ấu trùng
Sự biến động ấu trùng

Distribution
Các nước
Các khu vực của FAO
Các hệ sinh thái
Những lần xuất hiện
Những chỉ dẫn
BRUVS - Videos

Anatomy
Gill areas
Não bộ
Otoliths

Physiology
Body compositions
Nutrients
Oxygen consumptions
Dạng bơi
Swimming speeds
Visual pigment(s)
Âm thanh của cá
Diseases / Parasites
Toxicities (LC50s)

Genetics
Di truyền
Electrophoreses
Heritabilities

Human related
Aquaculture systems
Các tổng quan nuôi trồng thủy sản
Các giống
Ciguatera cases
Stamps, coins, misc.

Outreach
Người cộng tác

Taxonomy
Tên thường gặp
Các synonym ( Các tên trùng)
Hình thái học
Sinh trắc học
Các tranh (Ảnh)

References
Các tài liệu tham khảo

Các công cụ

Special reports

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Các nguồn internet

Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 115969): 7.5 - 24.7, mean 12.6 (based on 3084 cells).

Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804): PD₅₀ = 0.5039 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].

Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01230 (0.00997 - 0.01518), b=3.03 (2.99 - 3.07), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245).

Mức dinh dưỡng (Ref. 69278): 4.5 ±0.8 se; based on diet studies.

Thích nghi nhanh (Ref. 120179): Trung bình, thời gian nhân đôi của chủng quần tối thiểu là 1.4 - 4.4 năm (tm=3-5; tmax=15; Fec=10 million).

Prior r = 0.24, 95% CL = 0.16 - 0.35, Based on 5 full stock assessments.

Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153): Very high vulnerability (82 of 100).

Climate Vulnerability (Ref. 125649): Moderate vulnerability (38 of 100).

Price category (Ref. 80766): Very high.

Thunnus thynnus (Linnaeus, 1758)