Common names from other countries
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
البيئة
بحري; مياه مخلوطة. Tropical; 35°N - 20°S
Eastern Pacific: Mexico to Ecuador. Also reported from Paita, Peru (Ref. 5530).
الحجم / وزن / العمر
Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 28.2 cm TL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 124487); common length : 20.0 cm FL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 9283); أعلا وزن تم نشرة: 145.24 g (Ref. 124487)
Body strongly compressed and elongate (depth from 4.5 to 5.4 times in standard length); posterior end of upper jaw reaching middle of eye; upper jaw teeth small and villiform; lower branch of first gill arch with 19 to 22 gill rakers; scales small but visible, needle-shaped, embedded in the skin; back dark gray; belly and flanks silvery or blue gray with yellow highlights; dorsal and anal fins charcoal colored; pelvic fins white; pectoral and caudal fins yellow (Ref. 55763).
Adults are found in littoral waters (Ref. 9283). They tolerate low salinities and may temporarily penetrate estuarine waters (Ref. 9283). The dorsal and anal spines are connected to venomous glands that can cause painful wounds (Ref. 9283). Marketed fresh and salted or dried (Ref. 9283).
Life cycle and mating behavior
النضج | التكاثر | وضع البيض | بيض | الخصوبة | Larvae
Smith-Vaniz, W.F., 1995. Carangidae. Jureles, pámpanos, cojinúas, zapateros, cocineros, casabes, macarelas, chicharros, jorobados, medregales, pez pilota. p. 940-986. In W. Fischer, F. Krupp, W. Schneider, C. Sommer, K.E. Carpenter and V. Niem (eds.) Guia FAO para Identification de Especies para lo Fines de la Pesca. Pacifico Centro-Oriental. 3 Vols. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 9283)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-2)
CITES (Ref. 131153)
Not Evaluated
استخدامات بشرية
مصائد: غير مهمة تجارياً
أدوات
تقارير خاصة
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مصادر علي الأنترنت
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
115969): 20.4 - 29, mean 25.9 (based on 288 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5312 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00708 (0.00435 - 0.01153), b=2.93 (2.79 - 3.07), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
مستوى غذائي (Ref.
69278): 4.2 ±0.73 se; based on food items.
المرونه (Ref.
120179): عالي, الحد الزمني الأدني لتضاعف عدد أفراد المجتمع أقل من 15 شهر (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (18 of 100).