India country information

Common names: ௨ள்ளம், ௨ள்ளம் , Chakshi
Occurrence: native
Salinity: freshwater
Abundance: | Ref:
Importance: highly commercial | Ref:
Aquaculture: experimental | Ref:
Regulations: | Ref:
Uses: no uses
Comments: Found in Chilka Lake (Ref. 29108), Ganga, Yamuna, Narmada, Tapi, Krishna, Godavary, Cauvery, and Pennar rivers (Ref. 43638). Reported from Fenny river at Sabroom, Tripura (Ref. 97593). Occurs in coastal waters, rivers, Bay of Bengal and river mouths (Ref. 45255). Artificial propagation has been partially sucessful (Ref. 4832). Most popular esteemed food fish (Ref. 33273). Also Ref. 188. Status of threat: Vulnerable in Western Ghats (Ref. 50614).
National Checklist:
Country Information: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html
National Fisheries Authority:
Occurrences: Occurrences Point map
Main Ref: Kapoor, D., R. Dayal and A.G. Ponniah, 2002
National Database:

Common names from other countries

Alose hilsa, Sábalo hilsa, Гильза индийская (=тенуалоза индийская), ... more

Classification / Names Common names | Synonyms | Catalog of Fishes(genus, species) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

Teleostei (teleosts) > Clupeiformes (Herrings) > Dorosomatidae (Gizzard shads and sardinellas)
Etymology: Tenualosa: Latin, tenuis = thin + Latin, alausa = a fish cited by Ausonius and Latin, halec = pickle, dealing with the Greek word hals = salt; it is also the old Saxon name for shad = "alli" ; 1591 (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Hamilton.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Ecology

Marine; freshwater; brackish; pelagic-neritic; anadromous (Ref. 127664); depth range ? - 200 m. Tropical; 34°N - 5°N, 42°E - 97°E (Ref. 188)

Distribution Countries | FAO areas | Ecosystems | Occurrences | Point map | Introductions | Faunafri

Indian Ocean: Persian Gulf eastward to Myanmar, including western and eastern coasts of India. Reported from the Gulf of Tonkin, Viet Nam (Ref. 9706). Reported in Tigris River basin and probably other rivers of southern Iran (Ref. 39702).

Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age

Maturity: L_m 31.3, range 18 - ? cm
Max length : 60.0 cm SL male/unsexed; (Ref. 188); common length : 36.0 cm SL male/unsexed; (Ref. 4832); common length :42 cm TL (female); max. published weight: 680.00 g (Ref. 4832); max. published weight: 680.00 g; max. reported age: 5 years (Ref. 43871)

Short description Identification keys | Morphology | Morphometrics

Dorsal spines (total): 0; Dorsal soft rays (total): 18 - 21; Anal spines: 0; Anal soft rays: 18 - 23. Belly with 30 to 33 scutes. Distinct median notch in upper jaw. Gill rakers fine and numerous, about 100 to 250 on lower part of arch. Fins hyaline. A dark blotch behind gill opening, followed by a series of small spots along flank in juveniles. Color in life, silver shot with gold and purple.

Schooling in coastal waters and ascending rivers for as much as 1200 km (usually 50-100 km). Migration though is sometimes restricted by barrages. Hilsa far up the Ganges and other large rivers seem to be permanent river populations. Feeds on plankton, mainly by filtering, but apparently also by grubbing on muddy bottoms. Breeds mainly in rivers during the southwest monsoon (also from January to February to March). Artificial propagation has been partially successful in India (Ref. 4832). Known to be a fast swimmer, covering 71 km in one day (Ref. 12203). Marketed fresh or dried-salted.

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturities | Reproduction | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Larvae

Breeds mainly in rivers, upstream to about 50 km or even over 1000 km as in the Ganges (younger fishes may breed in the tidal zone of rivers). In some rivers the migration is restricted by barrages; there is some evidence that hilsa far up the Ganges and other large rivers, although migrating upstream to spawn, are permanent river populations that do not descend to the sea. The main breeding season is during the southwest monsoon, with a shorter season from January to February or March.

Main reference Upload your references | References | Coordinator | Collaborators

Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188)

IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)

Least Concern (LC) ; Date assessed: 23 January 2013

CITES (Ref. 128078)

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Threat to humans

Harmless

Human uses

Fisheries: minor commercial; aquaculture: experimental

FAO(Fisheries: production; publication : search) | FishSource | Sea Around Us

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Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 115969): 21.3 - 28, mean 24.7 (based on 224 cells).

Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804): PD₅₀ = 0.5312 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].

Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00912 (0.00801 - 0.01039), b=3.03 (2.99 - 3.07), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245).

Trophic level (Ref. 69278): 2.9 ±0.29 se; based on food items.

Resilience (Ref. 120179): Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (K=0.3-1.2; tmax=5; tm=2; Fec=220,000).

Prior r = 0.59, 95% CL = 0.39 - 0.89, Based on 4 data-limited stock assessments.

Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (29 of 100).

Climate Vulnerability (Ref. 125649): Very high vulnerability (84 of 100).

Price category (Ref. 80766): High.

Tenualosa ilisha (Hamilton, 1822)