Found in seagrass beds and sandy bottoms as well as in the surf zone commonly to depths of about 30 m, but adults may occur to 150 m depth. A sedentary fish, either solitary or in small aggregations. In spring, they often occur in brackish water coastal lagoons and estuaries. Mainly carnivorous, accessorily herbivorous (Ref. 3688). Feed on shellfish, including mussels and oysters. One of the most important fishes in saline and hypersaline aquaculture. Utilized fresh and eaten steamed, pan-fried, broiled, boiled, microwaved and baked (Ref. 9987).
棲息於海草床與砂質底部以及在海浪區中通常到深度大約 30 公尺, 但是成魚可能對 150 公尺深出現。 一個定棲的魚, 單獨出現或形成小群魚群。 在春天, 時常出現於半淡鹹水岸邊潟湖與河口中。 主要肉食性, 附從食草.(參考文獻 3688) 吃貝,包括貽貝與牡蠣。 在鹹度與高鹽度水產業最重要魚之一。 生鮮使用而且清蒸, 油鍋炸的﹐火烤的, 煮沸了, 微波了而且燒烤了.(參考文獻 9987)
Preferred temperature (Ref.
115969): 12.1 - 21, mean 17.8 (based on 258 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01202 (0.01084 - 0.01334), b=3.02 (2.99 - 3.05), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.7 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.28; tmax=11; tm=2-3).
Prior r = 0.57, 95% CL = 0.37 - 0.85, Based on 7 data-limited stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (35 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate vulnerability (41 of 100).
