Migratory fish, which is most of the year found in estuaries (Ref. 51442). Adults occur on mud and sand bottom in shallow water, at sea and brackish; often entering freshwaters (Ref. 59043). During winter, adults retreat to deeper, warmer waters, where they spawn in spring (Ref. 30193). The growing larvae are moving to the coast (Ref. 51442). Larvae and early juveniles use selective tidal transport to migrate upstream rivers (Ref. 57575) using a range of triggers such as salinity, prey density and water temperature (Ref. 57573, 57574). Juveniles live in shallow coastal waters and estuaries (Ref. 57574), which are also the summer feeding grounds for the adults (Ref. 30193). Juveniles of less than a year old feed on plankton and larvae of insects, juveniles of more than a year and adults feed on benthic fauna (Ref. 51442), including small fishes and invertebrates (Ref. 30193). Nocturnal and burrowing (Ref. 30193). Marketed fresh and frozen; can be steamed, fried, boiled, microwaved and baked (Ref. 9988). Worms and mollusks are excellent baits for line fishing (Ref. 30578).
迴游的魚, 是發現於河口的全年大部分時間。 (參考文獻 51442) 在冬天期間，成魚對比較深又比較熱的水域撤退, 在那裡它們產卵於春天中.(參考文獻 30193) 成長的仔魚被移動到海岸。 (參考文獻 51442) 稚魚生活於沿岸淺水區與河口, 對於成魚也那是夏天覓食場.(參考文獻 30193) 稚魚少於一年之久吃昆蟲的浮游生物與仔魚, 超過一年的稚魚與成魚吃底棲的動物相 (參考文獻 51442), 包括小魚與無脊椎動物.(參考文獻 30193) 夜行的而且掘洞穴.(參考文獻 30193) 在市場上銷售生鮮和冷凍; 能被蒸,油炸, 煮沸, 微波而且燒烤。 (參考文獻 9988) 蠕蟲與軟體動物是延繩釣的優良誘餌。 (參考文獻 30578)
Preferred temperature (Ref.
115969): 7.2 - 14.2, mean 10.2 (based on 862 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.7500 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00759 (0.00672 - 0.00857), b=3.07 (3.03 - 3.11), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.3 ±0.2 se; based on diet studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.22-0.3; tm=2-5; tmax=15; Fec= 2 million).
Prior r = 0.56, 95% CL = 0.37 - 0.83, Based on 5 full stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (49 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate vulnerability (36 of 100).
