| Family: |
Gymnuridae (Butterfly rays) |
| Max. size: |
106 cm WD (male/unsexed) |
| Environment: |
reef-associated; marine; depth range 28 - 37 m |
| Distribution: |
Eastern Indian Ocean and Western Central Pacific: India to Indonesia, including Singapore and Thailand. |
| Diagnosis: |
|
| Biology: |
Demersal inshore, in shallow depths to at least 37 m (Ref.58048). Also found offshore (Ref. 9918). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Smallest individual was 27 cm WD. Caught often by demersal trawl, trammel and gillnet fisheries, and occasionally using tangle nets. Utilized for its meat, but of limited value due to its typically small size (Ref.58048). |
| IUCN Red List Status: |
Endangered (EN); Date assessed: 11 September 2020 (A2d) Ref. (130435)
|
| Threat to humans: |
venomous |
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